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lorasvet [3.4K]
3 years ago
13

Esperanza watched as her mother got her flu shot. “Why do you need a shot if you’re not sick?” she asked. “So I won’t get sick,”

answered her mom. Explain how the influenza vaccination prevents illnes
Biology
1 answer:
topjm [15]3 years ago
8 0
Flu vaccination can help you from getting sick with flu. Vaccine reduces the risk of infection by working with body’s natural defenses to help them safely develop immunity to diseases. If you get sick, flu vaccine will make your illness milder.
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What is the energy change taking place when plants make food in the presence of sunlight?
inn [45]

Answer:

radiant energy is transformed into chemical energy

Explanation:

sunlight is ntg but radiation (UV), Iit falls on leafs surface and with the help of photosynthesis leaf converts radiation to chemical energy

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Which two animals are closely related the most? Blue whale, ferret, domestic cat or a bobcat? How ?
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The domestic car and bobcat I believe , they are both in the cat family.
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there are hunters in this ecosystem killing goats , jackals wnd wilcats for food. the lion population will increase over time cl
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3 years ago
Weathering that does not alter the chemical composition of the rock is called
viktelen [127]
I Believe The Answer Is B. Physical Weathering.
7 0
3 years ago
cehgg Bone is an anisotropic tissue that supports higher loads in the longitudinal direction, due to the high level of organizat
Ann [662]

Answer:

Bone is a live tissue which is responsible for sustaining the human body. It can grow and self-repair. Bones are submitted to the action of the muscles loads and the gravity. Long bones, as femurs, for instance, provide stability and support for a person to remain standing or walking.

Many researches have been done in Biomechanics area. In order to position this paper along with the other bone anisotropy papers, a short overview of the Biomechanical works were provided, freely classifying them in different areas/approaches. Among the papers that deal with the bone anisotropy, there are those that describe the structural bone details. These papers are named here as micro/nano papers, as in (Carnelli et al. 2013) and in (Baumann et al. 2012). Others papers only consider the macroscopic effects and are named here as macro papers, as it is this manuscript. There are papers that use Finite Element software to model bone, named here as numerical papers, as in (Kenedi and Vignoli 2014), in (San Antonio et al. 2012) like this manuscript. Other papers use theoretical/analytical methodologies, as mechanics of solids, theory of elasticity, homogeneization theory and so on. These papers are named here as analytical papers, as in (Toridis 1969) like this manuscript as well. Experimental approaches can be also used, through the utilization of sensors/transducers to measure diverse mechanical characteristics of bones, as for instance, to obtain better elastic material constants to describe such a complex material as bone. These papers are named here as experimental papers, as in (Allena and Clusel 2014). Also there are papers that cover two or more areas; these papers are named here as multi-area papers.

2 MATERIAL ANISOTROPY

Bones, from a macroscopic point of view, can be classified as non-homogeneous, porous and anisotropic tissue, (Doblaré et al. 2004). At a human femur cortical and trabecular bone tissues can coexist, although for the medial cross section analyzed in this work only cortical bone is present. It is very difficult to obtain experimentally bone elastic mechanical properties. Some authors like (Taylor et al. 2002) have obtained orthotropic bone elastic properties indirectly, through the utilization of modal analysis and Finite Element Method approaches. To overcome this difficulty authors like (Jones 1998) and (Krone and Schuster 2006) present different constitutive relationships to model bone behavior, among them, there are three constitutive relationships that are especially important for this work: the isotropic, the transversally isotropic and the orthotropic.

The isotropic materials have only two independent mechanical elastic constants, the Young modulus E and the Poisson ratio ν. The transversally isotropic materials have five independent mechanical elastic constants, two Young modulli, one shear modulus and two Poisson ratios. The orthotropic materials have nine independent mechanical elastic constants, three Young modulli, three shear modulli and three Poisson ratios, (Jones 1998).

These mechanical elastic constants are placed at the stiffness matrixS, which relates stresses and strains. Hooke's law can also be written in a different form using a compliance matrix C as

 

where ejr are the strain components,Cjrlm are the compliance matrix components and τlm are the stress components. Note thate, C and τ are tensors.

The geometric compatibility and the equilibrium equations are represented, respectively, by equations (2) and (3)

 

 

where u are the displacements, x are the coordinates and f are the body forces. Also note that these equations can be expanded according to the coordinate system.

At next section the analytical model is described in details. The principal stresses and principal strains expressions are explicitly presented as well as the correspondent principal angles.

5 0
3 years ago
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