Answer:
Fundamental niche is the maximum theoretical inhabited hypervolume which a species can occupy in the absence of interactions with other species on the other hand the portion of fundamental niche that a species actually exploits as a result of interactions with other species is called as realized niche.
Explanation:
In, fundamental niche the full range of environmental variables and resources that a species can possibly tolerate and use in the absence of competitors and predators, i.e free from any sort of interference from other species.Thus, fundamental niche is hypothetical.
Where as,realized niche is the actual smaller hypervolume which a species occupies under interference and predation from the other species.Because of interspecific interactions,the realized niche of a species is often smaller then fundamental niche.
A population bottleneck is an event corresponding to the fact that a substantial proportion of the population of a species disappears or is prevented from reproducing. There is a significantly different type of demographic bottleneck called the founder effect, which occurs when a subset of a population is, at least as far as reproduction is concerned, isolated from the main group (it does not disappear The two groups will be independent of each other).
In population genetics, the founder effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals belonging to a larger population.
Its to (break down) the energy from carbohydrates and other etc.
<span>Of the four approaches to object perception ottom-up processing than the others. Modern psychologists have suggested a connection between the Gestalt principles and past experience.Perception starts with bottom-up processing, which involves
stimulation of the receptors, creating electrical signals that reach the visual receiving area of the brain. Perception also involves top-down processing, which originates in the brain.shifting attention by making eye movements.
-determined by bottom-up processes such as stimulus salience and by top-down processes such as scene schemas and task demands, which influence how eye movements are directed to parts of a scene.
examples of top-down processing:
multiple personalities of a blob and finding faces in a landscape; how knowledge of a language makes it possible to perceive individual words; and how the perception of pain is influenced by things other than the pain stimulus</span>