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Zolol [24]
2 years ago
11

Describe how DNA is modified for use in genetic engineering.

Biology
1 answer:
Alekssandra [29.7K]2 years ago
3 0

Answer:

Genetic engineering can be described as a process in which the DNA of an organism is modified to change its characteristics or phenotype.

DNA modification occurs when a 'gene of interest' is taken from an organism and introduced into a vector such as a plasmid. Or this gene or piece of  DNA might directly be incorporated into another organism. The gene of interest incorporated into the DNA of a host will be able to express itself.

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Identification of key microRNAs and the underlying molecular mechanism in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats
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The underlying molecular processes for 19 important DE miRNAs in the etiology of SCII were confirmed. The DE miRNAs could serve as potential intervention targets for SCII. Additionally, blocking microRNAs-3568 reduced apoptosis and preserved hind limb function after SCII, possibly via modulating GATA6, GATA4, and RBPJ in SCII.

microRNAs:

  • Short non-coding RNAs called miRNAs (microRNAs) control post-transcriptional gene expression.
  • SCII (spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion damage) is a medical condition that can lead to paralysis and paraplegia, among other serious effects. The development of SCII is influenced by aberrant microRNAs expression. Different microRNAs expression results could be caused by variations in the experimenters, filtering circumstances, control choice, and sequencing platform.
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate the important differently expressed microRNAs (DE miRNAs) and the underlying molecular mechanism in SCII by methodically analyzing the available SCII microRNAs expression data. A thorough bioinformatics study of 23 representative rat SCII miRNA datasets from PubMed was carried out. On mi RDB, the target genes of important DE miRNAs were predicted.
  • Functional enrichment and transcription factor binding analyses using the DAVID and T Fact S databases. Nine were increased (miR-144-3p, miR-3568, miR-204, miR-30c, miR-34c-3p, miR-155-3p, miR-200b, miR-463, and miR-760-5p) and ten were downregulated (this study found 19 important DE miRNAs involved in SCII) (miR-28-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-702-3p, miR-291a-3p, miR-199a-3p, miR-352, miR-743b-3p, miR-125b-2-3p, miR-129-1-3p, and miR-136).Target genes of the increased DE miRNAs underwent KEGG enrichment analysis, which identified the pathways primarily involved as being the cGMP-PKG and cAMP signaling pathways. According to KEGG enrichment analysis of the downregulated DE miRNAs' target genes, the main signaling pathways involved were the Chemokine and MAPK signaling pathways. The target genes of the increased DE miRNAs were clearly enriched in biological processes such brain development and the positive control of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter, according to GO enrichment analysis.
  • The majority of the target genes of the downregulated DE miRNAs were enriched in biological processes such intracellular signal transmission and the inhibition of cell growth. The transcription factor study revealed that the four transcription factors, SP1, GLI1, GLI2, and FOXO3, had significant regulatory effects on the main DE miRNAs' target genes. MiR-3568 stood out among the elevated DE miRNAs as being particularly intriguing. SCII results in significant neurological deficiencies in the lower extremities, but miR-3568 anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs) enhance neurological performance. When compared to the sham group, cleaved caspase-3 and Bax were significantly elevated in SCII, however the overexpression was inhibited by miR-3568 AMO. In contrast to cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2 expression levels exhibited a pattern. Following the attenuation of this increase by SCII and microRNAs-3568 AMO, the expression of GATA6, GATA4, and RBPJ reduced.

Learn more about microRNAs here brainly.com/question/14979443

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8 0
2 years ago
Radio waves are a part of the electromagnetic spectrum with high waves links and low frequencies.
earnstyle [38]

The answer is:

A. true

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2 years ago
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What does the system of classifying things based first into broad categories, then into progressively more specific categories,
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Answer:

Did you get the answer?

Explanation:

please help

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2 years ago
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Which step of cellular respiration produces the most atp
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Answer:

I believe it's the krebs cycle!

Explanation:

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2 years ago
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Identify two requirements for gas exchange which are accomplished by the gills in a fish. How does their structure help to satis
mina [271]

Answer:

Question: Two requirements for gas exchange which are accomplished by the gills in a fish include:

1. Water flowing in opposite directions across the gill lamellae for gas exchange, in other words, respiration is experienced by the fish.

2. The fish allows water through its mouth, then forces the water to drain through the gills supporting gill lamellae, and enhancing gas exchange.

Question: How does their structure help to satisfy these requirements?

1. The rows of gill filaments with numerous folds through diffusion makes sure oxygen from the water moves from a place of more concentration to the blood of the fish which has less concentration causing the removal of carbon dioxide.

2. The large surface area of the gill means it has to maximize the low percentage of dissolved oxygen in the water compared to the higher percentage of oxygen in the air makes it possible for water to pass through the mouth and empty through the gills after the mouth is closed.

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3 years ago
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