Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a protein molecule. Proteins are polymers — specifically polypeptides — formed from sequences of amino acids, the monomers of the polymer. A single amino acid monomer may also be called a residue (chemistry) indicating a repeating unit of a polymer. Proteins form by amino acids undergoing condensation reactions, in which the amino acids lose one water molecule per reaction in order to attach to one another with a peptide bond. By convention, a chain under 30 amino acids is often identified as a peptide, rather than a protein.[1] To be able to perform their biological function, proteins fold into one or more specific spatial conformations driven by a number of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, ionic interactions, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic packing. To understand the functions of proteins at a molecular level, it is often necessary to determine their three-dimensional structure. This is the topic of the scientific field of structural biology, which employs techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, and dual polarisation interferometry to determine the structure of proteins.
Protein structures range in size from tens to several thousand amino acids.[2] By physical size, proteins are classified as nanoparticles, between 1–100 nm. Very large aggregates can be formed from protein subunits. For example, many thousands of actin molecules assemble into a microfilament.
A protein may undergo reversible structural changes in performing its biological function. The alternative structures of the same protein are referred to as different conformational isomers, or simply, conformations, and transitions between them are called conformational changes.
Answer:
diploid
Explanation:
So humans have two homologous chromosome sets in each cell, meaning humans are diploid organisms.
Answer:
The correct answer will be option-is read by ribosomes during the process of translation.
Explanation:
The DNA is a nucleic acid made up of nucleotides which serves as a genetic material of the cell. It stores the information required by the cell in the form of codons made up of nitrogenous bases. The DNA after transcription forms a messenger molecule called mRNA which is read by the ribosomes to code for specific amino acid which binds to form the proteins, the building block of the body.
Since the mRNA is read by the ribosomes during translation and not DNA directly, therefore, the selected option is the correct answer.
Answer:
stored solar energy in phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other organic material
Explanation:
The energy in fossil fuels comes from the sun, which drives photosynthesis to change carbon dioxide and water into the molecular building blocks of ancient plants and animals.
