Paleoclimatology is the science that studies ancient climates of the Earth. According to this science, there have been many ice ages and glacial ages, and they have happened because of a phenomenon known as Great Oxygenation. This means the Earth had too many plants that were producing oxygen, which stopped the Greenhouse effect and brought cold temperatures to the planet. For example, around 360 to 260 million years ago, the ice age called “Karoo” happened because of the previous Great Oxygenation, and this glacial ice covered much of what is now India and Australia.
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Both the Western Empire at large and Rome's unimportance to the East is highlighted by the ease with which they ceded Italy and the surrounding areas to the Germanic invaders. The split of the Empire was due in part to the difficulty of governing an empire as large as the Roman's with any kind of continuity. The network of public Roman roads covered over 120,000 km, and it greatly assisted the free movement of armies, people, and goods across the empire. Roads were also a very visible indicator of the power of Rome, and they indirectly helped unify what was a vast melting pot of cultures, races, and institutions.
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Life of poverty
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The Untouchables live a life of poverty and it is believed that if someone from another caste, even including the Shudra, were to touch an Untouchable, they would become polluted. Although the Shudra are harshly discriminated against, the Untouchables are seen as lower lifeforms and a disgrace to Indian society.
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One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. At the top were kings, who owned the land. Beneath them were lords (noblemen) and clergymen (church officials), who were granted tracts of land called fiefs (pronounced feefs) by the king. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. Land occupied by churches, monasteries (houses for men called monks, who dedicated themselves to the religious life), and other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs.
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In general though, the Aztec were subjects of the more powerful Tepanec and Aztec leaders were only allowed to remain in power by paying tribute to the Tepanec. Also, during this time period, Aztec rulers increased the power of their society by forming strong alliances with other societies around Lake Texcoco.
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