Answer:
Immediately, the pathogen has been recognized:
Macrophages acts as the first line of defence by engulfing pathogens identified by antigens which will now present the antibody shape to a helper T cell.
The Helper T cells produce a signal to plasma and Memory B cells to yield antibodies that attach to the antigens. The cytotoxic cells that leads to cell death are activated by the helper T cells.
Antibodies helps to immobilize pathogen for macrophage to feed on.
if the pathogen comes back a 2nd time the memory cells helps in quick and efficient recovery by producing the specific B and T cells for the antigen.
Answer:
D) The fungicide will reduce the stability of the ecosystem because nutrients in the soil will be less likely to be recycled, directly impacting plant nutrition and growth.
Explanation:
Fungicide are primarily applied to an area to kill off fungi species in that place.
Fungi are very important groups of organisms. They are natural "recyclers".
In a food chain or web they can be classified as decomposers.
Decomposers are organisms that takes feeds on dead and decaying organic matter.
The produce useful materials and releases nutrients from life back into nature.
Killing them off by applying fungicides is a damaging act to their sustenance.
Without decomposers such as fungi, the ecosystem becomes less stable and soil nutrients will not be properly recycled.
As the bear enters hibernation, its metabolic processes such as body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate are reduced. But bears do not lower the body temperature as much as once thought. Their hibernation temperature is around 88 degrees and waking temperature is 100 degrees F. This relatively high sleeping temperature allows bears to become fully alert if aroused, perhaps to enable the bear to protect itself from predators and other dangers without unnecessarily taxing their energy reserves. Over the course of a hibernating season it is thought that bears use approximately 4 thousand calories a day, which results in a weight loss of about 20 percent of it body weight by spring.
