Despite wide recognition that speculation is critical for successful science, philosophers have attended little to it. When they have, speculation has been characterized in narrowly epistemic terms: a hypothesis is speculative due to its (lack of) evidential support. These ‘evidence-first’ accounts provide little guidance for what makes speculation productive or egregious, nor how to foster the former while avoiding the latter. I examine how scientists discuss speculation and identify various functions speculations play. On this basis, I develop a ‘function-first’ account of speculation. This analysis grounds a richer discussion of when speculation is egregious and when it is productive, based in both fine-grained analysis of the speculation’s purpose, and what I call the ‘epistemic situation’ scientists face.
When something is a standard of proper or acceptable behavior, it is known as a <u>Norm</u>.
<h3>What is a norm?</h3>
A norm is a standard of behavior that is deemed acceptable by a certain society.
Norms are mostly unspoken but are passed around via word of mouth to the various people in the society from a young age. This way everyone in that society knows what is acceptable and what isn't.
In conclusion, this is a norm.
Find out more on norms at brainly.com/question/1278457.
Explanation:
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People adapt to the rules of various social groupings anytime they have a personal wish to feel like they belong to that group, according to the core principle.
Option (b) sanctions are the correct answer.
<h3>What are sanctions?
</h3>
- Sanctions are a type of punishment imposed when we fail to meet a set of requirements.
- The power that the donor has over the receiver is the difference between reward and punishment.
- Punishment could only exist if the giver possessed greater power than the recipient.
- If the giver and receiver have equal standing, sanctions are given (such as a nation to another nation)
For more information about enforcing norms, refer below
brainly.com/question/1317063
Many people contributed to the deciphering of the Egyptian Hieroglyphs,
but the final and most deciding contribution was done by Jean-Francois
Champollion, a French scholar, who was able to compare the Egyptian
script to a text in the known Greek one thanks to the discovery of
Rosetta Stone, a stone with the same text in three languages: two types
of Egyptian and the known Greek one
