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In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became the leader of the Soviet Union.Gorbachev saw that the arms race with the United States and the war in Afghanistan had the potential to bankrupt the Soviet Union. Gorbachev was a reformer. He believed that political and economic reforms went together, and if the Soviet economy was not reformed, it could collapse Under his policy of glasnost—speaking openly about Soviet problems—Soviet citizens were allowed to criticize the government.Finally, Gorbachev wanted to improve relations with the United States. In 1987, Gorbachev and Reagan agreed to a new arms treaty in which the Soviet Union and the United States each pledged to eliminate short- and medium-range nuclear missiles.
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The Thirty Year's War was over religious disputes. It started when Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II of Bohemia tried to limit the religious activities of his servants, igniting rebellion among Protestants. The war draws closer to involve the major powers of Europe, side to side with Sweden, France, Spain, and Austria.