Answer:
d. error-prone repair
Explanation:
DNA polymerases are the enzymes responsible for synthesizing DNA, not only making faithful replicas of our chromosomes, but also carrying out the necessary repairs for the proper maintenance of your genetic information. Either due to the intensity of the genotoxic damage or due to defects in the repair machinery, the ideal situation of having a pristine, original mold of DNA for copying is not always possible, which explains the existence of a special type of DNA polymerases, specialized in tolerating various DNA lesions through a copy process called "translesion synthesis" which is an "error-prone" or error-guaranteeing.
There is also a new human translesion DNA polymerase, perhaps the oldest of all, and that is capable of initiating the synthesis of new DNA chains acting as a primase. This enzyme, called PrimPol, is present in both cellular compartments that contain DNA (the nucleus and mitochondria). Through gene silencing experiments it was shown that PrimPol is necessary for mitochondrial DNA replication, probably tolerating the high oxidative damage associated with the respiratory activity of these organelles.
Answer:
a) No; b) Yes; c) Down
Explanation:
a) No: Rotenone inhibits the transfer of electrons from complex I to CoQ of the electron chain by inhibiting the oxidation of NADH to NAD.
b) Yes: Besides receiving electrons from complex I, FADH2 receives electrons from fatty acids and glycerol-3-phosphate. 2 ATPs are produced from FADH2.
c) Down: Less oxygen will be broken down (or consumed) to water, instead some of it will be converted to reactive oxygen species.
