What are examples of limiting factors?
Some examples of limiting factors are biotic, like food, mates, and competition with other organisms for resources. Others are abiotic, like space, temperature, altitude, and amount of sunlight available in an environment. Limiting factors are usually expressed as a lack of a particular resource.
The blood travel to your liver before transporting nutrients to other parts of your body in order to filter out substances that are not needed for the body. The liver <span>regulates the composition of blood, including the amounts of sugar (glucose), protein, and fat that enter the bloodstream. It removes bilirubin, ammonia, and other toxins from the blood. </span>
Answer:
Macrophages are part of your innate immune system, which is antigen-independent and does not require activation.
Explanation:
Macrophages phagocytize (internalize) all non-self pathogens it encounters. These do their job without activation. Other cells in the innate immune system include basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils (these cells are polymorphonuclear leukocytes), mast cells, and dendritic cells, which act as the bridge between your innate and adaptive immune system.
All of the other entities listed above are part of your adaptive immune system. The adaptive immune system is antigen-dependent and requires activation. This section of your immune system responds differently to different pathogens, and has the bonus of having immunologic memory, the ability to remember pathogens after infection and respond much quicker upon secondary and tertiary encounters.
Note: All lymphocyte types begin as naïve cells, which then differentiate into their fully matured form upon activation.
Helper T cells are a type of CD4+ T cell that has the job of activating B and T lymphocytes. There are two different types of T helper cells: Th1 and Th2. Th1 cells secrete the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ), and is primarily involved with the stimulation and activation of cytotoxic T cells, while Th2 cells secrete a variety of cytokines and are responsible for activating and assisting with B cells to make antibodies. To make a long story short, Th cells interact with APC (Antigen Presenting Cells), specifically their Class II MHC (a group of genes that present exogenous proteins). The Th cells then proliferate and gain the ability to activate these APC cells and provide the necessary signals to activate B and T cells and make them proliferate and do their specific function.
Answer:
Little gene flow with surrounding populations
Explanation:
Hardy-Weinberg equation is simply used to in describing the principle of population genetics. It was invented in 1908 by G H Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg.
It further be explained as the mathematical equation used in calculating the genetic variation of a population.
The equation is represented as p2 +2pq +q2 = 1
where, p2 = dominant, 2pq = heterozygous, q2 = homozygous.
It should be noted, the condition that that will make the equation accurate in this aspect is little gene flow with surrounding population.