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3 years ago

"Explain the functionality of the different layers found in the network protocol stack of an operating system such as Linux"

Computers and Technology

1 answer:

arsen [322]3 years ago

5 0

Answer:

There are 7 layers in linux.

Explanation:

As networking is difficult and complex.

Imagine if every application had to know how to communicate on every step that would be more than just complex. So, rather than reinvent something which will help it to communicate let’s just make something that will automatically controls the communication and for that protocols came in to live.

As for the linux operating system, it is not exceptional from other operating systems.

There are 7 layers on network protocol stack use to communicate with other network protocol stack.

1. Application layer

2. System call interface

3. Protocol agnostic interface

4. Network protocol

5. Device agnostic interface

6. Device drivers

7. Physical hardware

All the layers vary in their functionality.

One more important thing to remember is that the network protocol stack layers is not one way its 2 way communication. First, when a client request to a network and second, when the request is full filled.

The top most layer is a part of user space, the next five layers comes in the kernel space and the final layer is the physical layer.

Application layer:

When a client or user request to a network the request initially comes to this layer.

On this layer we use tcp/ip protocol.

System call interface(SCI):

When application layer make a call to the kernel this layer handles that call. And take the request to the next layer.

Protocol agnostic interface:

This layer has two functions “talking” or “listening”. There is a thing called sockets which perform these functions and each socket has an id which is used specifically for an application.

Network protocol:

This layer is used for how the data is sent or received.

Device agnostic interface:

It is used to connect data from/to kernel user space and the network device drivers which allows the data to prepare itself for transmission over the medium from the network device.

Physical hardware :

This layer is responsible for the data packets transmission and received from the network medium being used whether cable or wireless.

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Compare Fibonacci (recursion vs. bottom up)

ipn [44]

Answer:

C++ code explained below

Explanation:

#include<bits/stdc++.h>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int FiboNR(int n)

{

int max=n+1;

int F[max];

F[0]=0;F[1]=1;

for(int i=2;i<=n;i++)

{

F[i]=F[i-1]+F[i-2];

}

return (F[n]);

}

int FiboR(int n)

{

if(n==0||n==1)

return n;

else

return (FiboR(n-1)+FiboR(n-2));

}

int main()

{

long long int i,f;

double t1,t2;

int n[]={1,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60,65,70,75};

cout<<"Fibonacci time analysis ( recursive vs. non-recursive "<<endl;

cout<<"Integer FiboR(seconds) FiboNR(seconds) Fibo-value"<<endl;

for(i=0;i<16;i++)

{

clock_t begin = clock();

f=FiboR(n[i]);

clock_t end = clock();

t1=double(end-begin); // elapsed time in milli secons

begin = clock();

f=FiboNR(n[i]);

end = clock();

t2=double(end-begin);

cout<<n[i]<<" "<<t1*1.0/CLOCKS_PER_SEC <<" "<<t2*1.0/CLOCKS_PER_SEC <<" "<<f<<endl; //elapsed time in seconds

}

return 0;

}

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3 years ago

What is the problem with assigning a port number to more than one server application?

Ilya [14]

Only one daemon (server application) can bind to a port. The second one will fail.

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4 years ago

How to select the entire worksheet?

Archy [21]

Hey there! Hello!

In an instance of Microsoft Excel 2016, you can select your entire worksheet by using the Ctrl-A shortcut on your keyboard for Windows, or Command-A in the case of a Mac. If you have a standard Windows keyboard, you should have two Ctrl keys on either side of your keyboard. On a standard Mac keyboard, you'll also find that there are two Command keys on either side of your space key. This shortcut applies to other things as well, such as documents in Word. It basically selects everything there is to select.

I have attached a screenshot of the result of doing Command-A on a blank document. Everything within the bolded green outline is selected – it's typical for the cell you were on to be white instead of your highlight color (which is grey, in my case), and it will be selected, too.

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3 years ago

Which of the following best explains the different between Cut and Copy? a. When you copy text you are permanently deleting it,

Vilka [71]

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3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Inputting a range of numbers comprising a batch and then inputting each serially numbered document is characteristic of the cont

Fynjy0 [20]

Answer:

batch sequence check.

Explanation:

A batch sequence check can be defined as a strategic and systematic control plan which typically involves the process of inputting a range of numbers comprising a batch and then inputting each serially numbered document.

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I. You'll enter a range of serial numbers of the document in a batch.

II. You'll enter each serially pre-numbered document one after the other.

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