Imperialists around the world used ideas of racial, national, and cultural superiority to justify imperialism. One of these ideas was Social Darwinism which was the belief that life consists of competitive struggles in which only the fittest survive. Social Darwinists felt that certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined to rule over inferior peoples and cultures. In an 1899 interview president McKinley explained "We could not give (the Philippines) back to Spain- that would be cowardly and dishonorable." instead he argued that the United States had no choice but to "take them all, and educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize...them.".
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The Crusades were initiated by the Catholic Church in order to gain control of Jerusalem again, as it has fallen into the hands of the Muslims. While the Catholic Church had its goals in conquering Jerusalem, including wealth and power, it didn't foresee that the organizing of the Crusades it's going to actually backfire on it and make the biggest blow to it.
The Crusades themselves had mixed outcomes, sometimes winning, sometimes losing. What had a much greater effect was that the Crusaders managed to bring in Europe a lot of things from Asia which turned out to change the course of history.
Because the Crusaders were in constant contact with the Muslims, they brought in numerous technological advancements in Europe. Also, through them, some of the ancient literature from Greece and Rome came back to Europe.
This prompted a huge interest among the people, especially the ones higher in the hierarchy, as they saw the potential of the new technology, but also the potential for the future based on the ancient literature. The end result was a technological boom in Europe, a loss of power by the Catholic Church, the Age of Discoveries, or all put in one, the Renaissance.
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