Answer:
A system that divides power between the state and national governments.
Answer:
Mountains and seas brought the Greek city-states together. Citizens of city-states put the needs of the city-states above their own. A citizen's strong loyalty to his city-state enabled Greek to unify. The lack of unity among Greek city-states made Greece easier to conquer.
It promoted Islam but tolerated the culture, religion, and science of non-Muslims.
I might be wrong but I believe it was Afghanistan...?