The development of the knowledge of the priests as one who was uniquely empowered and ordained by God to offer sacrifices for the people on the analogy of the Old testament priesthood increasingly tended to demoted the role of laity in Christian worship and ministry. These tendencies were strengthened by the development of the doctrine of transubstantiation beginning in the ninth century and concluding in its official promulgation at the fourth Lateran council in 1215. The fourth Lateran council promoted the doctrine of transubstantiation which raised to that moment in the alteration of substance by which the bread and wine offered in the sacrifice of the sacrament of the Eucharist during the course of the mass become in reality the body and blood of Jesus Christ.
The shang dynasty is the earliest ruling dynasty of china to be established in recorded history, though other dynasties predated it. the shang dynasty ruled from 1600 to 1046 BC. they were known for advances in math, astronomy, artwork and military technology.
It was established in 1804 under Napoleon, it prohibited judges from passing general judgment of legislative points of interest, in a better sense of the word of legislative value
Liberty, progress, toleration, fraternity, constitutional government and separation of church and state
