<span>A protonephridia is known as a flame cell because it is a specialized excretory cell. This simply means that these cells have the ability to remove waste materials within an organ of a particular living organisms. Some freshwater invertebrates, flatworms, and rotifers have these specialized cells within their systems.<span>
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Answer: Light goes into the eye via the cornea, it then pass through the pupil, the lens, the vitreous humor and finally forms an image on the retina.
Explanation:
Light goes into the eye via the cornea. The cornea is a clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye.
From the cornea, the light passes through the pupil. The pupil regulates the amount of light passing through.
From the pupil, , light hits the lens. The lens is the clear structure inside the eye. It focuses light rays onto the retina.
Subsequently, light passes through the vitreous humor. A clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of the eye. It helps to keep the eye round in shape.
Finally, the light reaches the retina where the image is formed the image is usually inverted. The retina is a light-sensitive nerve layer that is situated at the back of the eye.
The main function of the optic nerve is to carry the signals to the visual cortex of the brain. The visual cortex turns the signals into images.
Answer:
Each FADH2 yields about 1.5 ATP via oxidative phosphorylation.
Explanation:
Most of the ATP molecules are produced by oxidative phosphorylation, not by substrate-level phosphorylation. During glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules per glucose are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. Similarly, Kreb's cycle also yields 2 ATP per glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation.
For each pair of electrons transferred to O2 from FADH2 via electron transport chain, 4 and 2 protons are pumped from matrix towards the intermembrane space by complex III and complex IV respectively. It generates the proton concentration gradient required to drive the synthesis of 1.5 ATP molecules. Since oxidation of FADH2 is coupled to the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP, the process is called oxidative phosphorylation.