never would be but if it does occur it would be rarely
Answer:
The correct answer is - the same field.
Explanation:
Abnormal psychology is the clinical study or treatment or branch of the psychology study that is related to the psychopathology that include the mental disorder or illness and their cause that could be biological, social disorganization, genetically and others.
Obsessive compulsive disorder and depression is the example of such mental illness that is deal under these branches of clinical psychology.
Thus, the correct answer is - the same.
Answer:
b. The rats press the lever least when cocaine is presented.
Explanation:
Reinforcement or reward refers to the physiological processes by which a given behavior, such as drug use, becomes habitual. This occurs when neurons release the neurotransmitter dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) after drug use.
In tobacco, nicotine is the main component triggering of the reinforcement. Once inside the brain, nicotine activates nicotinic receptors, which in turn contributes to the reinforcement mechanism. Following repeated exposure to nicotine, a neuroadaptation process is established for some (but not all) effects of nicotine. Increased brain nAChRs (acetylcoline receptors) are observed in response to desensitization of these nicotine-mediated receptors. This desensitization can play an important role in the development of tolerance and dependence.
The fact that nicotine is a weak reinforcer, means that maybe the rat already had an neuroadaptation with this drug, not feeling anything with this drug anymore, and thats why he would prefer other drug, like cocaine, pressing the lever of nicotine less often.
Media- the communication outlets or tools
used to store and deliver information or data. The term refers to components of the mass media communications industry.
Culture- the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group.
I think it is b. to me it makes sence
God Bless
