First, the Roman Empire became divided between the East, under Constantinople, and the West, ruled by several different leaders. This double-reign was a new concept that weakened the empire. Infighting over leadership and decaying government strength helped set the stage for other groups, such as the Greeks and Byzantines, to become uncooperative. With it's foundations weakened, outside powers were also able to cripple the Romans.
External military threats were a major cause of Rome's fall, and its effects spread across the empire. During its days of prosperity and conquest, many of Rome's enemies were scattered tribes who lived in a small number of villages. After Rome was divided, a powerful group known as the Huns began moving west, their numbers growing with captured prisoners and new allies. People from all walks of life were eager to reap the rewards of war. They continually pressured the Roman Empire, while nations like Russia became powerful and sophisticated. What had been barbarian villages in Germany soon became 2,300 walled towns and cities. Out of these rose the countries of Denmark, Sweden, and Poland. Meanwhile, groups like the Arabs and Saracens of India and Spain sat in anger and contempt. Once its enemies united, the Roman Empire was surrounded with new competition without the proper leadership to address it.
On top of this, the Roman economy was affected by weak currency and high inflation. With all the money going towards national defense, taxes were raised to compensate. Few people actually got to enjoy Rome's prosperity. The value of Roman money plummeted to the point that bartering was preferable to paying for goods. Also, many Romans lost their jobs to cheaper slave labor, resulting in government subsidization of the working class (many workers chose to live off these subsidies, costing the government more money).
A big reason for Rome's collapse was the geographical extent of its military conquest. Rome's constant expansion required more resources and manpower to defend its borders. Additionally, conquered civilizations hated the Romans, so rebellions were constant problems. All these issues required mammoth military spending and recruitment. Manpower became so scarce that even conquered societies were allowed to join the ranks. In turn, this gave barbarians intimate knowledge of Roman battle tactics.
The central powers are Germany Austria Hungary and their supporters in WW1 no sure about the other question
Answer:
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The Scramble for Africa refers to the period between roughly 1884 and 1914, when the European colonisers partitioned the – up to that point – largely unexplored African continent into protectorates, colonies and ‘free-trade areas’. At the time the colonisers had limited knowledge of local conditions and their primary consideration was to avoid conflict among themselves for African soil. Since no one could foresee the short-lived colonial era, the border design – which endured the wave of independence in the 1960s – had sizable long-lasting economic and political consequences. The Scramble for Africa resulted in several large countries characterised by highly heterogeneous geography and ethnically fragmented populations that limit the ability of governments to broadcast power and build state capacity.
Well the l<span>ongbow, made the classic attack of sword, lance or joust useless, for the most part.
When someone could kill a soldier from a hundred yards, there was no need to get close enough for horse or foot soldier to fight
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Gunpowder brought in the canon, and this was a weapon that was effective even farther than the long bow.
It could kill multiple people at long range, plus, it made the stone castle obsolete, because canon balls could blast them apart.</span>
