Stimulants are substances that all result in the increase of levels of dopamine in the brain, which is a neurotransmitter that affects attention and pleasure. What this means is that stimulants affect our brain and the way it works by changing the ways that nerve cells communicate.
Neurons (nerve cells) are the cells that have a role in transmitting messages from the brain to other parts of our body, and vice-versa, which is important for pain response, alertness, energy etc.
With long-term use, the use of stimulants would affect the central nervous system (speeding it up), the brain, and the functions necessary to live, like respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. Levels of neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and GABA, which are responsible for the regulation of different processes, are also impacted, which creates a chemical disbalance ultimately resulting in behavioral changes, mood swings, altered attention, movement and energy, stress etc.
So the part of the body that is affected the most with the long-term use of stimulants like cocaine, nicotine, methamphetamine is the brain of course, which is where these substances have the most impact, but the impact on the central nervous system, autonomous nervous system, and neurotransmitter levels is significant.
Answer:
Frequency of B allele is 0.6681
Explanation:
If p represents the frequency of dominant allele and q represents the frequency of recessive allele, according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium:
p + q = 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
where p² = frequency of homozygous dominant genotype
q² = frequency of homozygous recessive genotype
2pq = frequency of heterozygous genotype
Given that number of recessive chestnut horse = 28
Total horses = 226 + 28 = 254
frequency of b² genotype = 28/254 = 0.1102
frequency of recessive b allele = √0.1102 = 0.3319
So, frequency of B allele =
1 - 0.3319 = 0.6681
Hence frequency of B allele is 0.6681
Answer:
Advantages of classification:
- Allow us to see a species more detail than when we not classified it
- Catergorizing things, we can know them kind better and we can make judgement, opinion for the whole class in general
AND MANY OTHERS ADVANTAGES
Disadvantages of classification:
- Some classification is made by group, person and not everyone contribute, agree to that idea so there may lead to wrong classified
- And this classification stuff is made by HUMAN and it is just what human want species in this world to be classified, not nature classification!
Hope this helped :3
Answer:
Explanation:
Semiconservative replication is one of the type of replication methods proposed to take place in the cell and has also been confirmed to be the type that actually takes place in the cell. Semiconservative replication involves the production of two copies (of which one is the parental strand which acts as template and the other is the newly synthesized strand) of the original DNA molecule. A leading strand is the newly synthesized strange running in the 5' to 3' direction, the template strand runs from the 3' to 5' direction while the lagging strand is the newly fragmentally synthesized strand oriented in such a way that its production runs in the 5' to 3' direction for each okazaki fragment. Its template strand runs in the 5' to 3' direction.
The cell copes with errors in replication either by performing the 3' to 5' exonuclease proofreading during replication or by utilizing the cell's DNA repair system.
