<span>The
answer is allelic frequency. This is also the fraction
of a particular allele of a gene in the population. Allelic
frequency in a population of diploid individuals is calculated using the Hardy Weinberg equation
of p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1. Allelic frequency of all the alleles of the genes must add up to 1 (one).</span>
Top-down effects imply control through predation, including fishery, while
bottom-up effects imply control through food abundance, often thought to be driven by climate or nutrient load.
<h3>What is Top down regulation ?</h3>
The top-down effect refers to a higher trophic level influences the community structure of a lower trophic level through predation.
<h3>What is Bottom up regulation ?</h3>
The bottom-up effect means that a lower trophic level in the biological network affects the community structure of higher trophic levels by means of resource restriction
Learn more about Top down and bottom up regulation here:
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