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Stella [2.4K]
3 years ago
14

Sociologists define the concept of "race" as ________ people who fall into any minority category. a person's skin color. a cultu

ral heritage shared by a category of people. a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
Social Studies
2 answers:
ss7ja [257]3 years ago
5 0

Answer: a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.

Explanation:

A race can be defined as the group of people that are distinguished from other group on the basis of physical, behavioral and cultural aspects. A race is an important factor of identifying and distinguishing people.

In physical forms the members of the society which belong to the same race or ethnic group will have common phenotypic traits due to transmission of similar biological traits like skin color, face form, height, hair color and other features. This helps in social categorization of people belonging to the same race.

vova2212 [387]3 years ago
3 0

Answer: Socially made category constructed of people who have common biological traits that people of a society consider important

Explanation:

Race is the mode of dividing people into certain category or group in terms of visual characteristics like skin color, air type, facial features, look etc. They divide people as per physical norms of society.

Other options are incorrect because people belonging to minority category, skin color and similar cultural heritage shared by people is not race as per sociologist .

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Answer:n the European race to colonial dominance, the Treaty of Tordesillas legitimized Spain’s holdings in the New World, indicating Spanish primacy over Portugal.

The successes of Columbus ushered in an era of Spanish conquest that led numerous other European explorers to attempt similar colonization projects.

Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital.

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Columbus’s colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands.

In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spain’s Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. Hoping to salvage Portugal’s holdings, King João II negotiated a treaty with Spain. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America. Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil.

Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

Conquistadores and Spanish colonization

Columbus’s discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. Hernán Cortés arrived on Hispaniola in 1504 and participated in the conquest of the Island. Cortés then led the exploration of the Yucatán Peninsula in hopes of attaining glory.

In 1519, Cortés entered Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec/Mexica Empire. He and his men were astonished by the sophisticated gardens and temples in the city, but they were horrified by the practice of human sacrifice. Above all, the Aztec wealth in gold fascinated the Spanish explorers.

Hoping to gain power over the city, Cortés took Moctezuma, the Aztec ruler, hostage. The Spanish then murdered hundreds of high-ranking Mexica during a religious festival, but the people of Tenochtitlán quickly retaliated. Cortés and his people fled for their lives.

Aztec ruler Moctezuma. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

Following his defeat, Cortés slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitlán. In August 1521, Cortés claimed Tenochtitlán for Spain and renamed it Mexico City. The Spanish also brought smallpox, which took a heavy toll on the people in Tenochtitlán. Illness played a much greater role in the city’s downfall than violence.

Cortés was also aided by a Nahua woman called Malintzin—also known as La Malinche or Doña Marina, her Spanish name—whom the natives of Tabasco gave him as tribute. Malintzin translated for Cortés and, whether willingly or under duress, entered into a physical relationship with him. Their son, Martín, may have been the first mestizo—person of mixed indigenous American and European descent. Malintzin remains a controversial figure in the history of the Atlantic World; some people view her as a traitor because she helped Cortés conquer the Aztecs, while others see her as a victim of European expansion. Regardless, without Malintzin’s help, Cortés would not have been able to dismantle the Aztec Empire.

A drawing depicting Malintzin translating for Cortez and Aztes. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

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Hernando de Soto had participated in Pizarro’s conquest of the Inca, and from 1539 to 1542, he led his own expeditions to what is today the

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