I’m not sure on politics, however that time period is when society developed the middle class and started to have “rules” of society, like you aren’t supposed to wear this and don’t act this way, etc.
There were many different reasons why some African nations transition smoothly to independence while others experienced conflict, although perhaps the greatest was the relative irresponsibility of the colonizing forces when they withdrew. British colonies tended to do better off than French or Dutch.
Beethoven was a musician, not a philosopher
Wordsworth was English, not French
Delacroix was an artist,not a philosopher
so the right answer is A. Jean-Jacques Rousseau