You can see the structures within the organelles of the cells (e.g the structure within a mitochondria) with an electron microscope as it has a much higher resolution than light microscopes.
An equinox is an occurrence that happens twice a year and is when the plane of the Earth's equator passes through the center of the Sun. During this, the hours of day and night are almost equal throughout this plane throughout the world.
Both of those two independent methods of investigation resulted in the same pattern which means it is significant.
Fossil records explain the history and evolution of life based on fossils. Fossils are remains of organisms preserved in sedimentary rock. In fossil records they are analyzed and arranged chronologically and in taxonomic order, so that can represent the evolution.
Phylogenies describes the relationships between organisms (species): from which organisms it is evolved, to which species it is most closely related etc.
It is used to organize living organisms into specific categories.
A disturbance would be things like lava, flows, newly formed sand dunes, or rocks left from a retreating glacier. These are disturbances because Primary Successions happen in lifeless areas, which soil is incapable of sustaining life.
