Antigens: Antigens are substances that cause an immune response in the body by identifying substances in or markers on cells. Your body produces antibodies to fight antigens, or harmful substances, and tries to eliminate them.
Antibodies: Antibodies are proteins which belong to a class known as immunoglobulins. They are made up of chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Cellular immunity: Lymphocytes act against target cell,Acts directly by killing infected cells,Acts indirectly by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages.
True. It is because pollution is caused from greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, which eventually affects the environment and atmosphere by raising the temperature (global warming) which is caused by the greenhouse effect.
Autapomorphies are molecular or morphological traits found in a unique taxon. An autapomorphy is not found in outgroup and therefore these traits are used to classify a group into a category (i.e., species, genera, family, etc)
The function of mitochondria and chloroplasts is related to energy. In what way does their function differ? Mitochondria produce energy in prokaryotic cells, while chloroplasts produce energy in eukaryotic cells. ... While the chloroplast get there food from the suns energy through the process of photosynthesis.
