Niccolo Machiavelli was an official in the Florentine Republic from 1498 - 1512, during the years between the reign of the religious reformer Savanarola and the return of the Medici family to power in Florence. He carried out various diplomatic missions for Florence during those years and had responsibility for Florence's militia. But perhaps Machiavelli is most significant for his political writings, <em>The Prince </em>and <em>Discourses on Livy.</em>
Lorenzo de'Medici had ruled Florence for decades in a way that was popular. After Lorenzo's death in 1492, Dominican preacher Savonarola ran the city as a religious regime. Machiavelli's service in government occurred after Savonarola fell from power and was executed, and Florence operated very much as a republic. When the Medici family again seized power in Florence in 1512, Machiavelli lost his government post. He also was accused of conspiracy (a false charge). He was imprisoned and tortured, but after a few weeks was released. In exile from Florence, Machiavelli wrote <em>The Prince </em>as a way of praising the style of rule of princes like the Medici, in hopes of gaining favor with the new rulers of Florence. That didn't work, but <em>The Prince </em>has become a famous treatise in the field of political science. Machiavelli also wrote a lengthier work that extolled the virtues of a republic (closer to his own true views), <em>Discourses on Livy.</em>
During WWI, twosocialists, Charles Schenck and Elizabeth Baer handed out fliers in which they stated that the draft was violating the Thirteenth Amendment by obliging citizens to go to war against their will, or in other words, to oblige them to involuntary servitude.
These activitists thought that the First Amendment, which guarantees citizen's rights such as the freedom of speech would protect them. Their case ended up being discussed by the US Supreme Court, which decided that the First Amendment does not confer the right to complain against the war effort or to obstruct the draft.
The range of offences that are considered a crime are stated in the Espionage Act of 1917 and The Sedition Act of 1918, which extended the first.
Holmes was part of the Supreme Court judges who decided in the Schenck case. He introduced the concept of "clear and present danger", that should be tested to determine under which circumstances limits should be placed the First Amendment freedoms: assembly, press and speech.
His position is clear when he tries to implement mechanisms that can circumvent the universal civil rights that all citizens should enjoy according to the Constitution. There should be no limits to those freedoms, as it is the same as not guaranteeing them.
"(1) weak centralized authority and interference from outsiders" would be the best option regarding the condition that characterized Europe after the
<span>fall of the Roman Empire and China after the fall
of the Manchu dynasty.</span>
We moved into there land claimed it and pushed them out of it and killed a lot of them in the process
