Mutualism is an association between organisms of two different species in which each benefits. Mutualistic arrangements are most likely to develop between organisms with widely different living requirements. In this case; The Lichens growing on the soil, stabilizes the sand so erosion does not occur supplies nitrogen through fixation. Destruction caused by humanity.
A reinforcement schedule is a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced.<span>
</span>A variable-ratio schedule <span>is a schedule of reinforcement where a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.</span>
<span>Fixed-interval schedules on the other hand reinforce behaviors after set time periods.</span>
Plate tectonics<span> play a significant role in the formation of volcanoes on the Earth’s surface. Volcanoes can either be formed by tectonic plates moving away or towards each other. When plates move away from each other such as at the mid-oceanic ridges, the phenomena is referred to as being a divergent plate boundary.</span>
All stem cells—regardless of their source—have three general properties: they are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods; they are unspecialized; and they can give rise to specialized cell types. Stem cells are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods.
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Recombinant DNA technology has also proven important to the production of vaccines and protein therapies such as human insulin, interferon and human growth hormone. It is also used to produce clotting factors for treating haemophilia and in the development of gene therapy.
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