F(2)=4+10-8=6; f(6)=36+30-8=58. Average rate of change is (58-6)/(6-2)=52/4=13
The scale factor is some number between 0 and 1 (not including either endpoint) because the image is smaller than the preimage.
Triangle ABC is the preimage, or the "before"; while triangle A'B'C' is the image, which is the "after".
preimage ----> image
before ----> after
The first one can be done by Pythagoras theorem such as

then

then

The second one can also done by Pythagoras theorem, note that this is isosceles triangle so

, again by using Pythagoras theorem

then

then

For the last one can also done by property of 30-60-90 triangle.
