because they are the ones that provide me goods and services.
Answer: 10.13%
Explanation:
The after-tax return on the preferred shares would be:
= After-tax return + Premium required
= (8.8% * (1 - 25%)) + 1%
= 7.6%
For the preferred stock to be issued at par with the above after tax return:
= After tax return / ( 1 - tax)
= 7.6% ( 1 - 25%)
= 10.13%
<span>An increase in the marginal income tax rate is likely to decrease the quantity of labor supplied. because the increase in the tax automatically reduces the profit of the firm. the management will always try to compensate their loss by taking necessary reforms or measures. the first and simplest method to reduce the loss is to cut down the expense by reducing the labour involved.</span>
The key movements via are to increase the economy consist of a decreased bargain fee, buying government securities, and a decreased reserve ratio.
<h3>When the Fed makes use of contractionary policy?</h3>
When GDP in a kingdom is growing too fast, inflicting inflation to grow past a suited charge of two%, central banks will put in force a contractionary economic coverage. The Federal Reserve, or any principal financial institution, has three primary pieces of equipment to reduce the money supply.
A direct advantage of contractionary economic coverage is that it strengthens government budgets. As an instance, whilst the Fed's bargain price increases, the government earns extra cash from the banks that borrow budget from the Fed's cut price window. The government can use this supply of sales to offset spending and decrease price range deficits.
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