The last common ancestor of gymnosperms and angiosperms possessed the same characters such as pollen, seeds, and vascular tissue.
<h3>What are angiosperms and gymnosperms?</h3>
The gymnosperms are a group of plant that are known as seed- producing plants such as Ginkgo, gnetophytes, cycads etc.
Angiosperms are the plant that produces flowers and having seeds enclosed within their fruit.
Gymnosperms have no production of flowers and fruits and they contain seeds without cover on the surface of their leaves.
Therefore,last common ancestor of gymnosperms and angiosperms possessed the same characters such as pollen, seeds, and vascular tissue.
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Temporal summation with an excitatory synapse will bring the membrane potential from the resting value closer to the action potential threshold.
<h3>
An action potential is produced by temporal summation in what way?</h3>
- A process known as "temporal summation" describes how repeated, equally intense noxious stimuli at a particular frequency result in an increase in pain. Results are typically achieved by comparing the first and last equal intensity stimuli's pain ratings.
- A high frequency of action potentials in the presynaptic neuron results in postsynaptic potentials that add with one another, and this is known as temporal summation.
- A postsynaptic potential's duration is greater than the time between receiving action potentials.
- Neurotransmitter binding at excitatory synapses causes the postsynaptic membrane to become depolarized.
- Chemically-gated ion channels open on postsynaptic membranes in contrast to the action potential in axonal membranes. While diffusing simultaneously, sodium and potassium move in different directions.
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<span>Benedicts test is used for testing reducing sugar in urine and food samples. Biuret test is used for testing proteins in a sample. Sudar Red test is used to detect lipids in a sample. For starch The Lugol test is carried out. when Lugols iodine is added to sample to the powder it will turn deep bluish black color showing the sample contain starch. The other tests will not give positive results with starch powder.</span>
Answer:
They were spotless and soundless
Explanation:
The control group is used as a reference to compare the result obtained from the experimental group.
The control group differ from the experimental group in the 2005 peacock butterfly experiment in ways such as the control groups of butterflies having their spots covered with paints. A small part of the peacock’s wings were also removed to prevent them from making sound.
This validates them being spotless and soundless
Answer:
RER is involved in protein synthesis, folding, transport and modification.
Explanation:
The Endoplasmic Reticulum is an organnelle found in eukaryotic cells. They are of two types; Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, so named based on the appearance of their surface. The Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) obtains it rough appearance from the membrane bound ribosomes attached to it.
Due to the ribosomes that attach to them during protein synthesis, their function is very much associated with protein synthesis. They are primarily involved in protein production, which would either remain in their lumen for further modification/processing called Glycosylation (adding sugar to proteins to form glycoproteins) or be transported through secretory vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. They also fold this proteins in their inner membrane structure called cisternae.