1. CATTCACACA is matched with Subsitution
Substitution is a form of mutation. In this mutation, the anomaly is provoked by replacing one nucleotide with another or, in our example, one letter with another. these mutaitons can be missense mutations, nonsense mutations or silent mutations ...
2. CATTCACACCACG is matched with Duplication
In genetics, gene duplication is the multiplication of genetic material on a chromosome. There are more than one mechanism of duplication (of either a large chromosomal portion, a gene, or a nucleotide sequence). These genome rearrangements are an important driver in the evolution of genomes. Doubling a gene creates an extra copy of the selection pressure, which may allow the copy to moult again without damaging the body. It is one of the important mechanisms of molecular evolution.
3. CATTTCACACG is matched with Insertion.
Insertion is a mutation which consist of adding one or more nucleotides in a chromosome.
The insertions are of variable importance according to their length:
* 1 or 2 nucleotides, they shift the reading frame (codons)
* of 3 nucleotides, they result in the addition of an amino acid in the expressed protein
* of great length, they can modify completely the translation of the exons
in introns or in untranslated exons, one often encounters long insertions of variable structure that have no apparent effect on gene expression.
4. is matched with Deletion.
Deletion (symbol: Δ) is a genetic mutation characterized by the loss of genetic material on a chromosome. The size of the deletions varies (from a base pair to an entire chromosomal region) and deletions can occur anywhere on the chromosome.
5. CATTGCACAC is matched with Inversion.
The inversion is a double break then re-insertion after rotation of 180 ° of a chromosome segment.
The inversions concern only one chromosome. We distinguish :
* Paracentric inversions:
The centromere is not included in the inversion.
* Pericentric inversions:
The centromere is included in the inversion which transforms a metacentric chromosome into an acrocentric chromosome.
