The research error described above is an example of selection bias.
Selection bias takes place when, from a population of interest, a group of individuals is selected in order to construct a sample but without a proper randomization. The result is a sample which is not representative of the underlying population.
According to the example, the target population of the research comprises all students but the sample only includes boys. Hence, selection has not been random because it followed a gender criteria, and the results obtained using it cannot be applicable to the whole population because they are affected by a selection bias.
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One of the biggest causes of post-colonial conflict in Africa is the partition of countries that was created by the European powers' arbitrary borders. These borders were created with little or no concern for the people actually living there or for their heritage.African colonies produced raw materials which were expropriated by the colonialists (centre nations). Furthermore, colonialism introduced a dual economic structure within the African economy. It also brought about disarticulation of African economy, education, trade, market, transport and currency institution.
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Through nonviolent protest, the civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s broke the pattern of public facilities' being segregated by “race” in the South and achieved the most important breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African Americans since the Reconstruction period (1865–77).
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Abuse
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I don't know but I think this is answer
Crystalline silicon (c-Si) dominates wafer-based solar cells. On the other hand, amorphous silicon (a-Si) plays a vital role in thin-film solar cells. Yet, both types of solar cells employ silicon.
Crystalline silicon is the dominant semiconducting fabric used in photovoltaic technology for the manufacturing of solar cells. Those cells are assembled into solar panels as part of a photovoltaic device to generate solar electricity from sunlight. Crystalline silicon (c-Si) cells are received from skinny slices of silicon (wafers) one hundred sixty–240 μm thick, reduce from a single crystal or a block. The kind of crystalline mobile produced depends on the silicon wafer manufacturing procedure. Crystalline silicon solar cells have dominated the photovoltaic market since the very start of the Nineteen Fifties. Silicon is riskless and abundantly available in the earth's crust, and silicon PV modules have proven their long-time period stability over many years of exercise.
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