The ocean waters at the equator are warm because they receive more of the sun rays than the waters at the at the poles. Therefore, the water in these regions is less dense than those at the poles. The oceans currents, moving towards the poles from the equator, move on the surface waters while those from the poles move on the ocean floor.
As the warm currents move to the poles and cool, they become more saline because they become more concentrated with salts –saturation point lowers with temperatures. At the poles, most of the salts in ejected from the waters as brine as the water sinks to the ocean floor due to density.
This movement of water currents in such circular motion forms the Thermohaline Circulation. Heat on the planet is distributed in this way.
1. Dysentery caused by <em>Shigella dysenteriae</em><em> </em>is isolated using MacConkey Lactose agar and Xylose Lysine agar
2. Antibiotic associated diarrhea caused by <em>Clostridium difficile</em> (detection of toxin) is isolated using <em>Clostridium difficile</em> selective medium
3. Dermatophyte infection in the nails is isolated using potatoes dextrose agar
4. Dengue fever by immune response is isolated using minimal essential medium (MEM)
1. Dysentery caused by <em>Shigella dysenteriae</em>
- Collection of fecal specimens and poultry (100) fecal samples collected from were processed according to published protocols.
- Streak one loopful of fecal sample on MacConkey Lactose Agar (MLA) and Xylose Lysine agar
- Incubated at 37 C for 24 hours
- The MLA plates showing the presence of convex and colorless colonies are considered for further identification.
- Similarly, the XLD plates showing appearance of presence of translucent or red colored colonies are taken for further identification.
2. Antibiotic associated diarrhea caused by <em>Clostridium difficile </em>(detection of toxin)
- Mix equal parts of industrial absolute alcohol and the fecal specimen.
- Homogenize using a vortex mixer.
- Leave at room temperature for 1 hr.
- Inoculate on <em> </em><em>Clostridium difficile </em>Selective Agar
- Incubate at 37ºC in a conventional anaerobic gas jar
- Observe after 24-48 hours in anaerobic environment .
- Use gram stain reagent and Malachite green for morphological study.
- Observe positive bacillus cell shape with single or chains(2-6)cell and sub terminal endo spore forming after gram staining
3. Dermatophyte infection in the nails
- Prepare potatoes dextrose agar (PDA)
- Collect clippings from the nail with a sterile scalpel after carefully washing the site with 70% alcohol.
- Dissolved in two drops of 10% KOH on a glass slide, if the sample is thick, use 20% KOH
- Heat the slide few seconds over a spirit lamp, do not allow to boil.
- Observe preparation under a low power of the microscope in reduced light.
- Look out for presence of mycelia fragments and the distribution of spores inside.
4. Dengue fever by immune response
- Dilute blood samples in minimal essential medium (MEM) containing 2% fetal bovine serum (FBS)
- Add diluent to a cultured monolayer of C6/36 cells for 1 hour with gentle rocking in a 28 °C CO2 incubator.
- After 1 hour, remove the inoculum and cells
- Culture for 7 days in MEM with 2% FBS and antibiotics.
- Collect culture supernatant on day 7 and infect a new batch of C6/36 cells
- Repeat the procedure three times to achieve passage 3 (P3) isolates.
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Explanation:
At position 12 of G protein Ras there is a normal amino acid attached to it called Glycine. Which make Ras protein a highly controlled protein. However, there is another amino acid called aspartate at 12 position which make Ras vulnerable by the formation of weak GTPase enzyme activity and GTP binding. Which prevent Ras from turning off. This the reason why aspartate in oncogenic. Furthermore, weak binding of GTP has influence because its binding can not be hydrolyzed.
Reference Research Paper
Morris, K. M., Henderson, R., Suresh Kumar, T. K., Heyes, C. D., & Adams, P. D. (2016). Intrinsic GTP hydrolysis is observed for a switch 1 variant of Cdc42 in the presence of a specific GTPase inhibitor. Small GTPases, 7(1), 1-11.
