I think the correct answer would be the last option. In this case, spanking was an unconditioned stimulus for Colin's fear. These are stimuli that are natural, automatic  and are unconditional that would trigger responses. An example would be when you smell your favorite food, you suddenly feel hunger.
        
             
        
        
        
Gibbons v. Ogden -- interstate commerce
        
             
        
        
        
It was the continental congress.
        
             
        
        
        
<span>he had lots of soldiers and they all defeted the city states and then he was able to build his first empire.i think</span>
        
             
        
        
        
<span>It helped them deal with the “incestuous” overtones in their relationship. Larry had never known his own mother.</span>