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3 years ago

1. Name the primary classes of antibodies and describe their structures. IgM: IgG: IgA: IgD: IgE:

Biology

1 answer:

Inessa05 [86]3 years ago

8 0

Answer:

1. There are five primary classes of antibodies, that are IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE.

2. IgM

Explanation:

The antibodies are proteins that are Y-shaped and are also called immunoglobulins. The antibody is produced when any pathogen attacks the body. There are five primary classes of antibodies, that are IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE. The antibody contains two heavy and two light chains. The IgM is a pentamer immunoglobulin. The IgG is contains two gamma heavy chains and two light chains. The IgA is mostly monomeric. The IgD have two delta heavy chains and light chains. The IgE contains two ∈ chains and light chains.

IgM is produced first. The IgA produced after IgM on mucosal surfaces. The IgG is present in serum. The all immunoglobulins IgM, IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgG are abundant in blood circulation.

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Each of the four pedigrees that follow represents a human family within which a genetic disease is segregating. Affected individ

Ne4ueva [31]

Answer:

The following four traits are -:

Pedigree 1 - A recessive trait (autosomal recessive) is expressed by pedigree 1.
Pedigree 2- Recessive inheritance is defined by Pedigree 2.
Pedigree 3 - The inheritance of the dominant trait (autosomal dominant) is illustrated by Pedigree 3.
Pedigree 4- An X-like dominant trait is expressed by Pedigree 4.

Explanation:

Explaination of each pedigree chart-

Pedigree 1 demonstrates the recessive trait since their children have been affected by two unaffected individuals. If the characteristics were X-linked, in order to have an affected daughter, I-1 would have to be affected. $X^A$ In this, both parents are autosomal recessive trait carriers, so the child will be affected by a 1/4 (aa)
Recessive inheritance is defined by Pedigree 2. This is X-related inheritance as autosomal recessive inheritance has already been accounted for in part 1. This inference is confirmed by evidence showing that the father (I-1) is unaffected and that only the sons exhibit the characteristic in generation II, suggesting that the mother must be the carrier. The individual I-2 is a carrier for this X-linked trait. A typical Xa chromosome is attached to the unaffected father (I-1), so the chance of carrier II-5 is 1/2. Probability of an affected son = 1/2 (probability II-5 is a carrier) x 1/2 (probability II -5 contributes ( $X^A$ ) x 1/2 (probability of Y from father II-6) = 1/8. An affected daughter's likelihood is 0 because a typical $X^A$ must be contributed by II-6.
The inheritance of the dominant trait is demonstrated by Pedigree 3 because affected children still have affected parents (remember that all four diseases are rare). The trait must be autosomal dominant because it is passed down to the son by the affected father. There is a 1/2 risk that the heterozygous mother (II-5) would pass on mutant alleles to a child of either sex for an autosomal dominant feature.
Pedigree 4 is an X-linked dominant function characterized by the transmission to all of his daughters from the affected father but none of his son. On the mutant X chromosome, the father (I-1) passes on to all his daughters and none of his sons. As seen by his normal phenotype, II-6 therefore does not bear the mutation. An affected child's likelihood is 0.

In the question the pedigree chart was missing ,hence it is given below.

7 0

3 years ago

4. The diagram below illustrates the release of chemical A from a human

jeka57 [31]

Answer:

The cell membrane

Explanation:

I'm majoring in Biology

8 0

2 years ago

Recall that photosynthesis consists of two sets of chemical reactions. Which of these describes the energy conversions that occu

belka [17]

Chemical energy chemical energy

8 0

3 years ago

Read 2 more answers

Describe how the same signal molecule (i.e., a hormone or neurotransmitter) can induce different types of effects in different c

Leto [7]

Answer:

it Changes according to the receptor.

Explanation:

Every cell has different receptors in the membrane, these receptors are specific, but different receptors can read one signal molecule, according to the receptor, this molecule can activate or inactivate different path ways.

Let me put it this way, if I give the same message to a botanist and a gardener they both are going to read it in different way even knowing it is the same.

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3 years ago

1.) What gives water all its properties? 2.) What type of bond joins H2O to another H2O and forms cohesion? 3.) What property of

Yuri [45]

Answer:

1. polarity

2. hydrogen bonding

3. High heat capacity

4. Adhesion

5. polarity

6. surface tension

7. high heat vaporization

8. hydrogen bonds form a rigid and stable network

9. Water is a polar substance and fat is a nonpolar substance.

10. Cohesion

Explanation:

Water is a polar molecule that is held together by hydrogen bonds to form strong cohesive forces. This accounts for the surface tension in water. Surface tension is the force acting on water that it makes to behave like a stretched elastic skin.

The polarity of water accounts for the fact that it is found in several parts of the body where it largely plays the role of a polar solvent.

High heat capacity of water enables it to function well in the area of thermoregulation in the body. High heat vaporization accounts for the fact that water helps maintain extreme temperature changes in an area.

When in solid state, the hydrogen bonded network in water becomes rigid and forms a very stable network of water molecules. Being polar, water does not interact with fat because like dissolves like.

In plants, the attachment of water to plant roots is known as adhesion and is necessary for the capillary movement of nutrients to plants via the root.

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3 years ago