NOTE: the steps of the signal transduction pathway to be arranged is in the attached file.
Answer:
The correct signal transduction pathway in order from the releasing of glucagon into the blood to the promotion of glycogenolysis includes:
- Glucagon binds extracellulary to G- protein coupled receptor.
-G protein releases GDP and binds FTP
-Activated G protein activates adenylate (adenylate) cyclase.
-Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP.
-Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A
- phosphorylase kinase phosphorylates glucogen phosphorylase, an enzyme needed for glycogenolysis.
Explanation:
As carbohydrates from food consumed is digested, it's end product, the glucose, is assimilated into the cells for energy production through the help of insulin in a process called glycolysis. Excess of glucose is stored in the liver as GLYCOGEN.
In cases where there is reduced sugar in the blood (hypoglycemic state) another pathway (known as glycogenolysis through
GLUCAGON hormone) is initiated to elevate the concentration of glucose in the blood.
Explanation:
Prophase - <em>Pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.</em>
Metaphase <em>-Each pair of chromosomes lines up along the middle of cell.</em>
Anaphase <em>- Each chromosome moves towards, and pairs up with its mate.</em>
Telophase <em>- The nuclear membrane forms around the chromosomes. </em>
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Answer:
E. On in the presence of lactose and absence of glucose
Explanation:
Expression of lac operon synthesizes the enzymes required for catabolism of lactose sugar. When both glucose and lactose are available, glucose is preferred as a nutrient and the lac operon is not expressed.
Lac operon is expressed only when glucose is absent in the medium and lactose is present. If any of the two conditions deviate, the operon is not expressed.
In the absence of glucose and the presence of lactose, the repressor is rendered inactive to bind to the operator. RNA polymerase enzyme is free to bind to the promoter and continue the process of transcription.
The reduced levels of glucose increase the cAMP levels which in turn bind to the Catabolite activator protein (CAP). CAP is a positive regulator that binds to the promoter to facilitate the transcription of the operon by RNA polymerase.
The health care provider should respond in a positive way and should thank the patient to come for a diagnosis. He/she should ask the patient about the reason for the delay. The provider should not panic and make the patient nervous. The provider should stay calm and keep the patient relaxed too.
