The answer is Echinoderms.
According to the Embryological studies, the most ancient chordates were closely related to the ancestors of the echinoderms. Echinoderms are members of the group Phylum Echinodermata of marine animals. Some known echinoderms are starfish, and sea cucumbers.
........... the membrane potential will become more POSITIVE.
A membrane become depolarize when sodium enters the neuron via chemically gated sodium channels, this means that, the membrane become more positive when sodium ions diffuse into the cells.<span />
Answer:
A mutation in Ras protein which will cause hyperactivity will eventually lead to cancer.
Explanation:
Ras protein was first discovered in Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and it is a proto-oncogene product. In normal conditions, it plays an important role in cellular signalling but in case of gain of function/hyperactivity it gets converted into cellular oncogene. In several types of cancers a point mutation has been reported in Ras protein.
Just like G protein, it is also a GTPase switch protein but unlike G protein which is trimeric, it is monomeric. In the plasma membrane, it is attached with the help of lipids like prenyl or palmitoyl groups. During signal transduction pathway when it gets activated, it downstream activates MAPK pathway and causes gene expression but when it gets hyperactivated it causes over expression of genes leading to cancer.
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