Stephen shapin is an “American historian” and a socialist of science. Scholarly on the sociology of scientific knowledge
Explanation:
He is a historian of science. Being a lecturer in Edinburgh University, he has written broadly in the history and sociology of science. He considers that scientists have to choose choices in their career ethically and it offers the basis for scientific credibility.
He contributed to London review magazine. As per his theory, he proclaims that science is based on trust, truth and morality.
Trust within the community, not being stupid, and a sense of political (or physical) strength.
Answer:
The correct answer is: d) law and order
Explanation:
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development identifies three levels of moral thinking that leads to a person's cognitive development: preconventional, conventional and postconventional. Each level is comprised by two stages.
During the conventional level of morality, personal and societal relationships shape the individual's sense of morality, accepting authority and embracing social order. The two stages in this level of morality are: a) Good Boy, Nice Girl Orientation and b) Law and Order Orientation. In the latter, the individual accepts rules because of the importance of maintaining a functioning society. Morality is dictated from the outside.
In positive punishment contingent removal of an aversive stimulus reduces the likelihood that the response will occur again in the future.
In negative punishment the contingent presentation of a stimulus reduces the likelihood the response will occur again in the future.
<h3>What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?</h3>
- Punishment can be used in a positive or bad way, much like reinforcement.
- Any reinforcer, whether positive or negative, makes a behavioral response more likely.
- Positive or negative punishments both reduce the chance of a behavioral response.
<h3>What is reinforcement and its types?</h3>
- Everything that strengthens or improves a behavior qualifies as reinforcement.
- For instance, in a classroom context, forms of reinforcement may include praise, allowing pupils skip over unneeded assignments, or offering out small rewards like candy, extra downtime, or enjoyable hobbies.
<h3>What is positive and negative reinforcement and punishment?</h3>
- By including something desired, positive reinforcement improves the intended behavior (good).
- Aversive reinforcement reduces the goal behavior in positive punishment (bad).
- By removing an unpleasant stimulus, negative reinforcement makes the intended behavior more frequent.
Learn more about positive and negative reinforcement here:
brainly.com/question/2994390
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