The correct answer for 1 is d. none of the above
Compatibilists believe that free will and determinism are not exclusive
categories and that one can have both free will and determinism exist together
without causing logical inconsistencies. In short, for them there is free will
in common material everyday things which don’t involve anything metaphysical.
The correct answer for 2 is a. Skepticism, empiricism, rationalism
These are common three schools of epistemological thought. Skepticism refers to the idea that nothing can truly be understood or obtained and that doubt is the key to all knowledge. Empiricism is the scientific way of thinking that things need to be proven, while rationalism is about rational usage of thinking.
The correct answer for 3 is b. There is no permanent self
According to the illusion theory, there is no permanent self ever. Not just in the sense of existence before physical existence, but even in the same bodily form. The self changes from time to time and there is no self that is same all the time or in any way permanent.
The correct answer for 4 is a. Illusion theory
The illusion theory is based on the idea that the self changes all the time because it is affected by various influences. The idea behind it is that if you save money for retirement, you will be a different person when you reach the retirement so you might not even want to spend it or you might even just spend it all at once with a single purchase or anything that might come to mind.
The correct answer for 5 is c. Idealism, Dualism, Physicalism
Idealism is the concept in which the metaphysical takes precedence over the physical. Physicalism is the opposite as many physicallists claim that the mind does not even exist as a concept of soul because it is not a material thing and its existence cannot be proven. Dualism is the concept that both soul and mind exist independently but are connected.
The correct answer for 6 should be c. idealism
In idealism, there is a belief that the real world is not necessarily real, but rather a projection of the mind. This sometimes goes to extreme with people like solipsists believing that the world and the people around don’t even exist at all and that it is only their own representation of the world, meaning the other persons don’t even exist in real time.
The correct answer for 7 should be a. Moral dilemma
Moral dilemmas occur when we are presented with to decide what is good and what is wrong. The famous example is the trolley problem in which a person would have to do something bad in order to have a good ultimate thing happen, or they could do a good thing but in the long run it would be a bad thing.
The correct answer for 8 should be a. Morality is relative to the norms of one’s culture
Ethical relativists believe that morals and ethics are social constructs that are made out of the cultural beliefs of a society. This is why different cultures have different ethical standards and different understanding of what is good and what is bad. This is why we may think that someone’s culture might be bad while ours is good, but in reality they could say the same thing for us.