Medieval African culture can be divided into two large regions: North Africa, which encompasses the Saharan region, and Sub-Saharan Africa.
During medieval times, North Africa was under several Islamic caliphates. Therefore, sense of community and shared responsibility in medieval North African cultures came from the religious notion of belonging to the <em>Umma</em>, the Islamic community. For these societies, the social order established under the Sharia or Islamic law was a sacred order with a religious basis, and people had strong bonds to every neighbor since they were part of the same religion/political order.
This was very different from the Sub-Saharan societies where the sense of community and shared responsibilities was a product of the family bonds that existed within a tribe or small kingdom. Religion and beliefs were also a very important factor for the creation of community links since it set a common ground for understanding and belonging.
Nevertheless, there were some societies located mainly in the Sahara desert, that shared both the Islamic faith and a tribal form of organization -like the Tuareg people-, which used to combine elements from the two systems in order to strengthen the community bonds in a deeper level.
Answer:Before the Constitution....there was The Articles of Confederation — in effect, the first constitution of the United States. Drafted in 1777 by the same Continental Congress that passed the Declaration of Independence, the articles established a "firm league of friendship" between and among the 13 states.
Created during the throes of the Revolutionary War, the Articles reflect the wariness by the states of a strong central government. Afraid that their individual needs would be ignored by a national government with too much power, and the abuses that often result from such power, the Articles purposely established a "constitution" that vested the largest share of power to the individual states.
Under the Articles each of the states retained their "sovereignty, freedom and independence." Instead of setting up executive and judicial branches of government, there was a committee of delegates composed of representatives from each state. These individuals comprised the Congress, a national legislature called for by the Articles.
The Congress was responsible for conducting foreign affairs, declaring war or peace, maintaining an army and navy and a variety of other lesser functions. But the Articles denied Congress the power to collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce and enforce laws.
Eventually, these shortcomings would lead to the adoption of the U.S. Constitution. But during those years in which the 13 states were struggling to achieve their independent status, the Articles of Confederation stood them in good stead.
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Gladiatorial contests, like chariot races, were originally held in large open spaces with temporary seating; there is evidence that some munera were held in the Roman Forum, for example. As the games became more frequent and popular, there was need for a larger and more permanent structure. Although the Circus Maximus was often pressed into service because of its huge seating capacity, the Romans eventually designed a building specifically for this type of spectacle (called an amphitheatrum because the seating extended all the way around the oval or elliptical performance area, which was covered with sand, harena). Early amphitheaters, both in Rome and elsewhere, were built of wood, but stone amphitheaters proved to be much more durable; the oldest stone amphitheater, built in Pompeii in the first century CE and seating approximately 20,000, is still well preserved (see also this view through an archway on the upper level, a section of stone seats with staircase, and the exterior walls with stairway). Like Roman theaters, amphitheaters were freestanding; because they did not require natural hills, as Greek theaters did, they could be built anywhere. A remarkable painting from a house in Pompeii depicts the amphitheater. In the tree-shaded area in front, vendors have set up temporary shops to sell food and drinks; the exercise-ground to the right was equipped with a large latrine so spectators could relieve themselves. This fresco depicts a specific event that took place in 59 CE, when a fight erupted between the Pompeians and the neighboring Nucerians (much like modern soccer brawls); in punishment for the riot, Nero imposed a ten-year ban on gladiatorial fights in the amphitheater.
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Elizabeth blames herself for John committing lechery
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The Judicial Branch is in charge of interpreting the laws that the Legislative branch creates.
