Conjugation is when genetic material is transferred from one bacteria to another via direct contact. Neither of these options are completely correct, but the more correct one would be the first.
Answer:
One of the factors for the development of pyelonephritis, in addition to E. coli, is urinary retention and reflux (option a).
Explanation:
Pyelonephritis is an infection of the upper urinary tract caused by bacteria in the urine, such as Escherichia coli.
Under normal conditions, urine in the urinary bladder is aseptic, that is, without bacteria. The presence of bacteria in the urine indicates a urinary infection.
Urinary retention is the limitation of the expulsion of urine from the bladder. This promotes:
- <em>An increase in the amount of bacteria present in the bladder.
</em>
- <em>The pressure generated by urine retention causes the bladder to generate a retrograde flow - reflow - towards the ureters, leading the bacteria to the kidneys.
</em>
The result of urinary retention and reflux - when bacteria are present - is an infection in the upper urinary tract, called pyelonephritis.
Learn more:
Urinary tract infection brainly.com/question/4756206
Answer:
This is through the process of methylation and phosphorylation of histones tails.
Explanation:
The addition of a methyl group to the amino acid of the histones of the nucleosomes that compacted DNA in the nucleus is called mehtylation, while the addtion of phodpahte is phosphorylation
Its effects on gene expression depends on the number of <u> methyl groups, and type of amino acid that methylated. During transcription. </u>
<u />
The DNA double strands are compacted and therefore hidden from transcription factors and enzymes of transcription by the hitones tails of the neuclosomes, Methylation weaken the binding bonds between the tails and DNA structure ; thereby aiding the uncoiling of DNA from the tails.(nucleosomes).This chemical reaction aided DNA strands exposure to transcription factors and enzymes, for initiation of transcription. This explains the dyanmic activity of methylation
Futhermore phophorylation also favours unwrapping of DNA, by imitating modifying enzymes e.g H3Y41E and H3T45E and convert it to→→ H3Y41phopspahte to aid DNA unwrapping and accessibility to transcription factors and RNA polymerase Enzymes,