Cytotoxic T cells are rapid killers of infected target cells. Within minutes of the interaction of a cytotoxic T cell with a target cell, the program of apoptosis in the target cell is initiated. This rapid activity is a consequence of The extremely rapid production of granzymes and perforin by cytotoxic effector cells upon encountering a target cell.
- A type of T cell known as a cytotoxic T cell (CD8+ T cell) is in charge of removing things that the immune system recognizes as dangerous.
- Cytotoxic T cells are essential for controlling bacterial growth and illnesses in the body.
- By instructing their targets to undergo apoptosis, cytotoxic T lymphocytes kill their prey.
- Cytotoxic T cells can instruct antigen-specific target cells to die within 5 minutes of coming into contact with them when they are mixed with target cells and quickly brought into contact by centrifugation.
- The speed with which cytotoxic T cells can induce apoptosis in their targets is due to the release of prepared effector molecules that trigger the target cell's own endogenous apoptotic pathway.
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<em>In the inner medulla, urea recirculates, creating a greater osmotic gradient. It follows the concentration gradient formed by ADH-sensitive water reabsorption into the interstitial space from the collecting duct. The remaining water is drawn from the descending structures by increased interstitial osmolarity. </em>
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<em>To maintain the vertical osmotic gradient, the blood supply to the renal medulla serves as a countercurrent exchanger. - The medullary vertical osmotic gradient is maintained by the vasa recta.</em>
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<em>It enhances both water and urea permeability in the inner medullary collecting ducts, allowing urea to diffuse passively down its concentration gradient into the interstitial fluid. This contributes to the osmotic gradient and aids water absorption.</em>
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Answer:
the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes.
Explanation:
conduction is solid
convection is liquid
radiation is anything that passes radiation