According to the <em>"Not Too Big Enough" </em>article, some of the <em>sources of </em><em>scale economies</em><em> in the banking and finance industry</em> are as follows:
1. Bigger banks can spread their investment (fixed) costs over more output, thereby <em>reducing the </em><em>cost per unit </em><em>and making it impossible for </em><em>smaller banks </em><em>to compete in the market</em>. Most often, the smaller banks cannot afford investments in modern banking computing power and systems management.
2. Bigger banks can <em>consolidate banking functions</em> with the <em>elimination of redundancies </em>after each merger and acquisition. The cost of redundancies also gives them economies of scale.
3. Bigger banks have access to <em>larger pools of </em>deposits and will not engage in borrowing at higher costs. Smaller banks cannot tow this line because of their small scale, lacking the required funding mix.
4. Finally, advertising works best where a bank has a large geographic spread. The cost of advertising over a large area is worth it, unlike when a small bank markets its services by advertising.
2. These economies of scale mean that Oligopolies are increasing on Wall Street, and there will be further consolidations of smaller banks. Of course, every small bank would like to engage in mergers and acquisitions to grab a share of the scale economies.
Thus, <em>as banks grow large</em>, they should be mindful that enjoying the scale economies comes with the risk of crumbling like the banks regarded as <em>"too big to fail" </em>when they build on a pack of cards.
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Businesses and entrepreneurs are more willing to take up projects with high relative profit because they are looking for profits.
Explanation:
The government sponsored projects which are on offer do not generate as much revenue for a firm that they can earn for a similar project in which the per unit cost of production will be covered better as the consumer will be paying them more.
In government funded projects, they will not receive enough benefits from the government to cover their costs and justify the price drop which comes with people expecting lower rates from products associated with the work of the government.
Thus is it viable to work on private projects more.
Answer:
The amount of the projected benefit obligation at December 31 was $ 38.34 million
Explanation:
According to the given data, we have the following:
Beginning PBO= $29.4 million
Service cost= $9.4 million
The actuary's discount rate was 10%, hence Interest cost (10% x $29.4 million)= $2.94 million
Also, there is a Loss (gain) on PBO=$0
, and pension benefits paid by the trustee were $3.4 million.
Therefore, to calculate the amount of the projected benefit obligation at December 31 we would have to use the following formula:
Ending PBO=Beginning PBO+Service cost+Interest cost-pension benefits
=$29.4 million+$9.4 million+$2.94-$3.4 million
=$38.34 million
Answer:
The definition would be defined in the clarification portion below, according to the particular context.
Explanation:
- Even before managers accomplish diversification besides trying to create a conglomerate whilst also buying other corporations, it is almost always accomplished at a premium surrounded by white market rates because once shareholders could effectively achieve consolidation according to their own besides investing money throughout multiple organizations.
- Although it may be more difficult to accurately determine productivity in a conglomerate, authority costs will be lower as well as assets might well be apportioned around through segments incompetently.
Answer:
As a result of an increase in the YTM, the price of the bond will fall $4677.19 from to $4593.67
Explanation:
The bonds are valued or priced based on the present value of annuity of interest payments and the present value of the principal. Based on the YTM of 7.8% the bonds are priced at,
coupon payment = 5000 * 0.067 *1/2 = $167.5
Semiannual YTM = 7.8 *0.5 = 3.9%
Semi annual periods to maturity = 8 * 2 = 16 periods
Old Price = 167.5 * [( 1 - (1 + 0.039)^-16 + 5000 / (1+0.039)^16
Old Price = $4677.19
New semiannual YTM = 8.1% / 2 = 4.05%
New Price = 167.5 * [( 1 - (1+0.0405)^-16) / 0.0405] + 5000 / 1.0405^16
New Price = $4593.67