Three examples would be gamma rays (usually these rays are emitted from unstable isotopes and can be used in nuclear experiments and testing) ultraviolent rays that are emitted from the sun and can cause sunburn and even skin cancer because the rays mutate the DNA in the skin cells nucleus. And also X-Rays, microwaves, and radio waves, which is usually harmless because it isn’t enough radiation to mutate DNA in our cells
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No, although there are several theories with increasing evidence, there is still no way to know for sure how it occurred. The great mystery of the beginning of universe is way too vast and vague. Theories can only be proven by presenting a solid proof, but great creations such as universe itself doesn't have to be solved. Various possibilities must have happened or there must be a one conclusion leading to its existence; but moreover, it is not our problem to solve. The confirmation of beginning of its existence will only feed the curiosity of humans.
A proton gradient is an important part of both photosynthesis and cellular respiration because couple the favorable flow of H+ to transport specific metabolites into and out of organelles.
<h3>What is the proton gradient?</h3>
The gradient is sometimes called the proton-motive and can be thought of as a form of energy, force and force in a battery. Like other ions, protons are not able to cross directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the membrane, as the interior of the membrane is hydrophobic.
The proton gradient generated by this manipulation provided a driving force for ATP synthesis in the absence of light. This confirms the chemiosmotic theory, where a chemical potential across the membrane can provide energy for ATP synthesis.
The proton gradient produced by pumping protons during the electron transport chain is used to synthesize ATP.
See more about proton gradient at brainly.com/question/910600
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Answer:
Hormones act as first messenger but not as second messengers.
Explanation:
Second messenger act as signaling molecule which are secreted in response to various biological signals generated by first messenger such as hormones,neurotransmitters etc.Second messengers include various bioactive molecules such as cyclic AMP(cAMP),cyclic GMP(cGMP),inositol triphosphate(IP3),diacylglycerol(DAG),calcium ions(Ca2+) etc.
Hormones are extracellular signaling molecules whereas second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules.
Intermediate magma is also known as andesitic magmas and these are created when an oceanic plate subducts beneath a continental plate. The magma is generated in the wedge of mantle rock beneath the crust. The Cascade Mountain Range is formed due to the subduction of the Juan de Fuca Plate beneath the North American Plate.
