1) sickle cell anemia: Sickle cell anemia is caused due to a point mutation by which a change in the nucleotide causes the code for producing the amino acid valine instead of the amino acid glutamic acid. It is a harmful mutation.
2) Klinefelter’s Calicos: Better known as the Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Calicos is a type of genetic mutation in which the person has the pattern of XXY for sex chromosomes i.e the person has an extra X chromosome. It is a harmful mutation.
3) Colour blindness: It is a sex linked mutation caused by two genes coding for the sight of red and green colour on the X chromosome. It is a harmful mutation.
4) Lactase persistence: A mutation allowed the humans to produce lactase enzyme as a result of breast feeding. This is an example of beneficial mutation.
5) HIV resistance: A 32 base pair sequence change in CCR5 helps humans to get resistant against HIV. it is a beneficial mutation.
➜ Fission (binary and multiple), regeneration and fragmentation are considered as methods of asexual reproduction because all of them involve only one parent and gametes are not formed in them. New individuals produced after cell division are always genetically identical or clone to their parents.
