4. Groups advocated safer working conditions for factory workers.
<span>Remember, at the time, it was the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Empire (unlike any of the other major states in Europe) was a patchwork of over a dozen major ethnic groups. Nationalism tends to organize along ethnic boundaries (that is, nations tend to form around a large concentration of one ethnic group). Thus, with a very large number of different ethnic groups, the Empire had to worry about each group wanting to split from the Empire, and form its own nation. Indeed, after WW1, this is what happened to the Empire - it was split into about a 8 different countries (or, more accurately, portions of 8 countries included lands formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire).</span>
The Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional for State Officials to compose an official school prayer and encouraged its recitation in Public Schools.<span>
</span>The prayer that was in question was: <span>Almighty God, we acknowledge our dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers and our country. Amen.
</span>The Court ruled that government-written prayers were a violation of the U.S. Constitution and the Establishment Clause of the first amendment. <span>The Court explained the importance of separation between church and state but emphasizes that the use of "Almighty God" still promotes specific religions that recognizes those terms which still violates the Establishment Clause.</span>
Railroad executive made the argument that their companies should receive free phblice land on which to lay back track because a rail network connecting east and west would bring important benefits to the entire nation
