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DanielleElmas [232]

2 years ago

7

Positively charged sodium ions transport electrical impulses in the nervous system. Which subatomic particle does sodium lose to

attain a positive charge?

1 answer:

Sedbober [7]2 years ago

3 0

Sodium would lose an electron to become a positively charged ion.

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Discuss and explain the correlation between thirst and kidney function

Pachacha [2.7K]

The correlation between thirst and kidney function is the following:

Thirst is the regulator of the state of hydration, necessary to eliminate the osmotic load, it can help preserve kidney function.

The instantaneous perception of osmolarity in the blood allows us to generate the sensation of thirst.

In other words, this sensation is in turn caused by a high concentration of osmolytes (compounds that affect osmosis, or the way it is measured, osmolality or osmolarity) or by hypovolemia.

The receptors that control cellular dehydration are called osmoreceptors and are located in the lateral preoptic area.

Osmoreceptors detect this decrease in cellular water and trigger thirst, as well as the release of Anti-Diuretic Hormone into the bloodstream.

Antidiuretic hormone helps regulate the amount of water in the body by controlling the amount of water excreted by the kidneys.

Therefore, we can conclude that the sensation of thirst appears the sodium concentration is higher than normal, when drinking water, the concentration gradient is reduced, which allows the normal functioning of kidney function.

Learn more here: brainly.com/question/6365240

3 0

2 years ago

It is the sequence of nucleotides in our DNA that makes each one of us unique. Specifically, it is the sequence of nucleotides i

Softa [21]

Answer:

4. gene

5. transcription

6. translation

4 0

2 years ago

Read 2 more answers

N which vertebrates did feathers first evolve?

Lapatulllka [165]

<span>Wings have evolved several times independently. In flying fish, the wings are formed by the enlargement of the pectoral fins. Some fish leap out of the water and glide through the air, both to save energy and to escape predators. If they were already gliding, then any mutation that would result in an increase of the gliding surface would be advantageous to the fish that has it. These advantageous may allow these fish to out-compete the others.

Wings have also evolved in bats, pterosaurs, and birds. In these animals, the wings are formed by the forelimbs. In some lizards that have evolved gliding flight, however, the "wings" or gliding surfaces may be quite different. The lizard Draco, for example, has gliding surfaces formed by an extension of the ribs. A number of extinct reptiles have similar gliding surfaces. Frogs that glide have expanded webbing on their hands and feet. Gliding ("flying") squirrels and marsupial sugar gliders have flaps of skin that lie between the front and rear limbs. These gliding animals all have one thing in common: a gliding surface that is formed by enlarging some parts of the body.

In pterosaurs, the wing is formed by an elongated finger and a large skin membrane attached to this finger. In bats, the wing is formed by the entire hand, with skin membranes connecting the elongated fingers. In birds, flight feathers are attached to the entire forelimb, while the fingers have fused together. In all of these animals except birds, the wing is a solid structure. In birds, however, the wing is formed by a large number of individual feathers lying close to each other and each feather is in turn formed by filaments that interlock.

Biophysicists have determined that flight most likely evolved from the tree down. That means most active flyers evolved flight from an animal that was already gliding. Gliding was therefore probably an indispensable intermediate stage in the evolution of flight. Since gliding has evolved in so many different groups of animals, it follows that the ancestors of birds, bats, and pterosaurs were almost certainly gliders.

Unfortunately, the fossil records of the immediate gliding ancestors of birds, bats, and pterosaurs are all missing. The first known bat and bird fossils are recognizable as flyers. The same is true of pterosaurs. Therefore the origin of these flyers remain a mystery and a subject of often acrimonious debate. There are people who claim that dinosaurs evolved insulation, which then evolved into feathers, but the evidence for that is lacking. The so-called proto-feathers found on some dinosaurs are indistinguishable from the collagen fibers found in the skin of most vertebrates. Some of the supposedly feathered dinosaurs, such as Caudipteryx and Protarchaeopteryx, are actually flightless birds. The same is probably true of Microraptor fossils, which are (as Alan Feduccia says) probably "avian non-dinosaurs."

Even though the immediate ancestor of birds remains a mystery, there is a fossil known as Longisquama insignis, which lived during the late Triassic. It has featherlike structures on its back. It was probably a glider of some sort. So, this animal may well be the distant ancestor of Archaeopteryx, the oldest known bird.

In sum, flying almost certainly evolved from animals that were already gliding, or from the tree down, not from the ground up. The dinosaurian origin of birds requires that dinosaurs evolved feathers from insulation and flight to have evolved from the ground up. Both of these requirements are extremely unlikely to have occurred in evolutionary history, because dinosaurs are almost certainly ectothermic (or "cold-blooded") and therefore they never evolved insulation, and because feathers are too unnecessarily complex to have evolved as insulation. Flight from the ground up is also dangerous because large animals that attempt to fly from the ground may crash and seriously injure or even kill themselves. We all know how dangerous an airplane can be if it loses power and crashes. Small and light weight animals, OTOH, that were already gliding can survive if their attempt to fly fails. Finally, if flight evolved from gliding, then why do animals glide? The answer is that gliding is energetically much cheaper than to descend a tree, walk along the ground, and then climb up another tree. Besides, it is almost certainly much safer to glide from one tree to another than to be walking on the ground for many arboreal animals.

See link below for details of why dinosaurs are considered ectothermic according to the available scientific evidence.</span>Source(s):<span>http://discovermagazine.com/1996/dec/aco...</span>

3 0

3 years ago

In chickens, comb shape is determined by genes at two loci (R, r and P, p). A walnut comb is produced when at least one dominant

Ivenika [448]

Answer and Explanation:

<em><u>Available data</u></em>:

Comb shape is determined by genes at two loci (R, r and P, p).

The walnut comb genotype is R_P_.

The rose comb genotype is R_pp.

The pea comb genotype is rrP_.

The single genotype is rrpp.

a. <em>Walnut crossed with single produces 1 walnut, 1 rose, 1 pea, and 1 single offspring: </em>

Parental) RrPp x rrpp

Gametes) RP Rp rP rp rp rp rp rp

Punnet Square) RP Rp rP rp

rp <em>RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp</em>

rp RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp

rp RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp

rp RrPp Rrpp rrPp rrpp

F1 phenotype: 25% walnut, 25% rose, 25% pea, and 25% single.

F1 genotype: 4/16 RrPp, 1/16 Rrpp, 4/16 rrPp, 4/16 rrpp.

b. <em>Rose crossed with pea produces 20 walnut offspring</em>.

Parental) RRpp x rrPP

Gametes) Rp Rp Rp Rp rP rP rP rP

Punnet Square) Rp Rp Rp Rp

rP RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp

rP RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp

rP RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp

rP RrPp RrPp RrPp RrPp

F1 phenotype: 100% walnut.

F1 genotype: 16/16 RrPp.

c. <em>Pea crossed with single produces 1 single offspring</em>.

This is not possible, because the pea genotype involves <u>at least</u> one dominant allele P. There are two possible crosses: <em>rrPp x rrpp</em>, which must produce half of the progeny pea and the other half single, or <em>rrPP x rrpp</em> which produce a whole pea progeny with no single offspring.

Parental) rrPp x rrpp

Gametes) rP rp rP rp rp rp rp rp

Punnet Square) rP rp rP rp

rp <em>rrPp rrpp rrPp rrpp</em>

rp rrPp rrpp rrPp rrpp

rp rrPp rrpp rrPp rrpp

rp rrPp rrpp rrPp rrpp

F1 phenotype: 50% pea, and 50% single.

F1 genotype: 8/16 rrPp, 8/16 rrpp.

d. <em>Rose crossed with pea produces 2 walnut, 1 single, and 1 pea offspring</em>.

This is not possible, because having one of the parents with a rose phenotype involves <u>at least one R allele</u>, which means that <u>there must be rose phenotype</u> in the progeny.

Parental) Rrpp x rrPp

Gametes) Rp Rp rp rp rP rP rp rp

Punnet Square) Rp Rp rp rp

rP <em> RrPp </em> RrPp <em> rrPp</em> rrPp

rP RrPp RrPp rrPp rrPp

rp <em>Rrpp</em> Rrpp <em>rrpp </em> rrpp

rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp

F1 phenotype: 25% walnut, 25% rose, 25% pea, and 25% single.

F1 genotype: 4/16 RrPp, 1/16 Rrpp, 4/16 rrPp, 4/16 rrpp.

e. <em>Rose crossed with single produces 31 rose offspring</em>.

Parental) RRpp x rrpp

Gametes) Rp Rp Rp Rp rp rp rp rp

Punnet Square) Rp Rp Rp Rp

rp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp

rp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp

rp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp

rp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp Rrpp

F1 phenotype: 100% rose (31 individuals equal 100% of the progeny).

F1 genotype: 16/16 Rrpp.

f. <em>Rose crossed with single produces 10 rose and 11 single offspring.</em>

Parental) Rrpp x rrpp

Gametes) Rp Rp rp rp rP rP rp rp

Punnet Square) Rp Rp rp rp

rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp

rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp

rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp

rp Rrpp Rrpp rrpp rrpp

F1 phenotype: 50% rose, 50% single.

F1 genotype: 8/16 Rrpp, 8/16 rrpp.

3 0

3 years ago

Why do clouds tend to form at 3pm and 6am

Verizon [17]

Clouds form as a result of the condensation of water vapor in the atmosphere. They are made of tiny droplets of water. Clouds tend to form between 3pm and 6pm because this is when the region starts to loose or has completely lost the heat form the daily sun. Water vapor will condense once temperatures are low or are decreasing.

3 0

2 years ago