Answer:
The correct insulin pathway is described as under:
2. Binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor
8. Activation of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase
3. Phosphorylation of IRS proteins
6. Phosphorylation of phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K)
4. Conversion of PIP2 to PIP3
7. Activation of PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1)
5. Glut4 receptors transported to the cell membrane
Explanation:
The insulin signaling pathway is described as under:
RTK (receptor tyrosine kinases) which is a receptor for insulin is an extracellular receptor but in contrast to other cell surface receptors it is catalytic in nature. In the absence of insulin (ligand), it is monomeric but as soon as it gets activated (activation occurs upon ligand binding), it undergo dimerization. It leads to auto-phosphorylation in it's tyrosine residue which subsequently leads to phosphorylation of tyrosine residue of other receptors. Such hyper-phosphorylated receptor have high affinity with enzyme/molecule like IRS protein which have SH2 domain . IRS down stream activates phosphinositide 3-kinase (PI-3K). This enzyme converts component of animal cell membrane PIP2 into PIP3. PIP3 also remains membrane bound but it has the potential to phosphorylate another enzyme named as PIP3-dependent protein kinase B (PDK1). Further, PDK1 leads to the activation of Akt or PK-B. Akt is a serine-threonine kinase which ultimately leads to the recruitment of Glut4 receptors on cell membrane for uptake of more and more glucose into the cell.
Note: Apart from this Akt also phosphorylates another protein named as FOXO which ultimately causes cell growth, Akt can also phosphorylate BAD protein so as to restrict cell apoptosis or we can say it leads to cell survival, Akt also leads to translation in a cell with the help of mTOR raptor etc.
The elbow (or olecranon joint) is the part of the upper limb between the arm and forearm. This articulation includes the region of the "elbow fold" (or ulnar fossa). It is a synovial joint complex of the upper human limb connecting the arm to the forearm. He thus unites three bones between them: the radius, the ulna and the humerus.
<span>The ulna is a long bone of the forearm, located at its inner side while the radius, the second bone of the forearm, is located at the level of the outer part (the same side of the thumb)</span>
Answer: I thought I have answered this question before. Yes emzymes are sensitive to PH and temperature.
Explanation:
if the temperature is above 60 - 70 degree celcius, it looses it's ability to catalyse as such emzymes are kept within the normal body temperature to function effectively. Emzymes are also sensitive to PH changing the pH of its surroundings will also change the shape of the active site of an enzyme and also changing the pH will affect the charges on the amino acid molecules.
Increased use of antibiotics since the few that are immune will survive and reproduce and will out grow others that arent.
