Answer:
One atom pulls an electron from another atom.
Explanation:
In Ionic bonds, donating and gaining of electrons takes places.
The right answer is: The antibodies mistakenly identify the cells as foreign material.
The role of an antibody is to recognize a foreign antigen in order to neutralize it. They can achieve this thanks to the great specificity of their paratope, which recognizes only a very precise part of the antigen: the epitope. As soon as an antibody recognizes an epitope, the B lymphocyte that codes for that specific antibody multiplies and matures in order to synthesize the same antibodies, useful in large quantities.
The phenomenon described in the question is an autoimmunity mediated by autoantibodies.
An autoantibody is an antibody produced by the immune system and directed against one or more proteins of the individual himself
Many autoimmune diseases are due to the presence of these autoantibodies, but the presence of autoantibodies is not necessarily synonymous with such a disease.
Some scientists say that they could have a beneficial role in cleaning up cell debris resulting from a disease.
The way in which these autoantibodies are produced, their precise role, and the reason why they decrease in individuals with certain diseases, are all issues that remain unresolved.
<span>Answers;
1.Breeding of individuals that have genes for two different characteristics; Dihybrid cross
2.A grid system used to predict possible combinations of genes due to random fertilization; Punnet square
3 A condition in which both alleles are dominant; Codominance
4.when more than two alternatives exist for a gene; multiple alleles
5.A condition in which neither pair of alleles is dominant or recessive, so the traits blend in the phenotype ;Incomplete dominance;
Explanation;
</span>Dihybrid cross;
<span>It involves the breeding of individuals that have genes for two different characteristics. It involves the cross of individuals that are both heterozygous for two different traits. For example two different traits in a pea plant; color and shape; for color we have; Y-allele for yellow seeds and y- allele for green seeds, For Shape trait; R-allele for round seeds and r-allele for wrinkled seeds. So the dihydbrid cross would be (RrYy </span>× RrYy).
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Punnet square;
</span><span>This a grid system or a square diagram that is used to predict possible combinations of genes due to random fertilization. It is used by biologists determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype.
</span><span>The letters on the outside of a Punnett Square stand for the parent allele.
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Codominance;
<span>This is a condition in heterozygotes in which both members of an allelic pair are dominant and both contribute to the phenotype.
A good example of codominance is the ABO blood group; A person with blood group AB, it means that both the A allele and B allele are equally expressed.
Multiple alleles
</span><span>This is when more than two alternatives for a gene exist.
Examples of multiple allelism in human;The genes of the ABO blood group system. The human ABO system is controled by three alleles, namely; A-allele, B-allele and O-allele.
Incomplete dominance;
</span><span>This is condition in heterozygotes in which both members of an allelic pair are neither dominant nor recessive to other alleles, so the two traits blend in the phenotype of the individual.
An example; is a snapdragon flower that is pink as a result of cross-pollination between a red flower and a white flower. Which means neither the white allele or the red allele are dominant. </span>
The sporophyte generation produces spores that grow into a GAMETOPHYTE.
A. <span>Exposure to an antigen
Exposure to viruses and antigens led to the foundation of modern vaccination. Vaccination introduces an antigenic material that helps the ability of the immune system to adapt a specific pathogen, therefore leading to a long-term immunity.</span>
