Bacteria have different phage resistance mechanisms, such as spontaneous mutations, the CRISPR-Cas system.
Spontaneous mutations are the main mechanisms leading to phage resistance by altering the structure of bacterial wall components that act as phage receptors. These include lipopolysaccharides (LPS), outer membrane proteins, cell wall teichoic acids, capsules, and other bacterial components.
Answer:
introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA
Explanation:
A nonsense mutation is a mutation in which an amino acid–specifying codon is changed into a termination codon or stop codon. A stop codon is a codon that does not code for any amino acid and serves to terminate the process of protein synthesis as ribosomes encounter it on the mRNA.
There are three stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA. A nonsense mutation introduces a stop codon in place of an amino acid encoding codon. It results in the formation of truncated protein which is shorter than the normal protein. Truncated proteins are mostly nonfunctional.
Answer: the first one is armature and the second one is pole
