There are a few primary bits of confirmation that help the Big Bang theory. One is the way that the universe is extending, demonstrated with something many refer to as redshift. The second is something many refer to as inestimable microwave foundation radiation. The third is the plenitude of various components in the universe.
James Madison was a big supporter of the checks and balances systems of the time period. He wanted fairness for both the politicians and the citizens of the country. Considering his views, he would probably oppose a persons' election to the house of representatives and supreme court at the same time. Unless the person was elected by the people, he would most likely see this as unfair and an insult to the liberties of the American people to choose their own representatives.
That would be the concept of zero, which the dates to around 1200AD in Europe. This doesn't mean it wasn't known in the Middle East and Asia. Evidence of the concept of zero in the Maya realm appears around 200BC-200AD.
Of one of your answer choices is: Work Through
Then that's the correct answer.