Transcription is the process by which RNA (nucleic acid that is responsible for transferring genetic information from DNA ) is synthesized from the genetic information contained in the coding regions of DNA. Therefore, a copy of complementary RNA and antiparallel to the DNA sequence that was transcribed is obtained. Normally organism synthesize RNA by a reaction catalyzed by RNA polymerases (they are enzymes that are involved in the process of DNA replication).
Transcription occurs in three steps: initiation, elongation and termination.
Initiation: Is the beginning of transcription. It occurs when the RNA polymerase enzyme binds to a region of a gene called a promoter. This tells the DNA to unwind so that enzyme can 'read' the bases in one of the strands of DNA. The enzyme is now ready to create a strand of mRNA (it is a single stranded RNA molecule, complementary to one of the DNA strands of a gene) with a complementary base of bases.
Elongation: Is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand. The RNA polymerase reads the unwound strand of DNA and builds the mRNA molecule, using complementary base pairs. THere is a brief moment during this process when the new RNA molecule is bound to the unwound DNA. During this process, an adenine in the DNA binds to an uracil in the RNA.
Termination: Is the term of transcription and occurs when RNA polymerase crosses a termination sequence in the gene. The mRNA strand is complete and separated from the DNA.
First generation: 4 students.
Second generation : 16 students ( or 4^2 )...
Fifth generation: 4^5 = 1,024
Answer: For 5 generations 1,024 people will know this art.
Removing the layers that surround the oocyte is due to the action of 100 sperm, but one sperm will fertilize the oocyte.
<h3>How does the sperm fertilize the oocyte?</h3>
When sperm and an oocyte (egg) join, their nuclei fuse, resulting in fertilization. These reproductive cells combine to produce a diploid cell (zygote) since each is a haploid holding half of the genetic material required to become a human being.
The surviving capacitated sperm come into contact with the oocyte as it travels along the distal uterine tube and move toward it in response to chemical attractants secreted by the corona radiata cells. The sperm must get beyond the two protective layers to reach the oocyte itself.
The sperm first penetrates the corona radiata cells. The sperm then bind to receptors in the zona pellucida when they come into touch with it. This starts a process known as the acrosomal reaction, in which the sperm's acrosome, an enzyme-filled "cap," releases its reserve of digesting enzymes. These enzymes make it possible for sperm to get through the zona pellucida and reach the oocyte. Finally, a single sperm contacts sperm-binding receptors on the plasma membrane of the oocyte. The head and mid-piece of the "winning" sperm then enter the interior of the oocyte after the plasma membrane of that sperm fuses with the oocyte's plasma membrane.
Learn more about the process of fertilization here:
brainly.com/question/14140902
#SPJ4
The set of reactions that is the primary route of ATP production in the cells is called ETS REACTIONS. ETS stands for Electron Transport System. The reactions occur in the cristae of the mitochondria in the presence of cytochromes and coenzymes, which act as carrier molecules. They accept energized electrons and pass the electrons to the next molecules in the system. The overall reaction result in the production of ATP, which is the only form of energy that is usable by the cells.
It causes the introduction of new genes to the existing gene pool creating a variation, so that the best one is selected by the nature.
